The Importance of Reading Essay -- Teaching Education Essays

The Importance of ReadingWhy do you read all the prison term? A frequently asked question of my past and I still find it repeated even now as I have entered a higher order of the educated. Whenever posed with this blatant criticism of my preferred free period activity, I simply answer with Why dont you read all the time? Of course I might sound like the biggest geek that ever walked the face of the earth, but the fact of the matter is that no matter what negative pigeonhole is attached to those who read, it has never stopped me from continuing to pursue my joy of literature. I am a firm believer in the power of a news and that the fact that the more advantageously read you are the better chance you have of relating to entirely different groups of people. Ever since I can remember, my father has promote me to read. I suppose that it is due to his poor background that he is so inspired by books. As a result, I was reading Shakespeare before nearly could even pronounce his name. Captured by the amazing usage of words in the old Elizabethan era, I was spurred to read more by past British writers and they remain to this day my preferred choice of books. This is not to say that I am not a fan of the more modern author on the contrary, I read all genres and believe that each have their own additions to the literary world. However, none of them can compare to my all time favourite author, Jane Austen. introductory introduced to her when I was about twelve years old, I was instantly captured by her style of writing and her personal background. She is the most famous feminist writer of her time but was only truly celebrated after her death, to my own sentimental twelve-year-old heart that seemed so tragic and was automatically my reason to sympa... ... read finding outstanding pleasure in a book. After knowing what I know about what books have brought to my life I feel sorry for those who cannot simply screw a novel instead of watching a movie. Even thoug h I too have grown up in a association that is primarily film oriented and it has definitely been a part of shaping me, I am proud to say that I am more well rounded than that and have many levels and other things that have shaped who I am. My view on the world and its issues is broader and I have a better panache of thinking of the world being better aware of the social differences within groups of people and the impoverished people that are scattered across our globe. I owe this all to my father who introduced me to literature and the greatness that it can hold for someone who is ready to accept it and step into the many lives and worlds created by ink and paper.

Emotional Poverty Within Material Wealth in Romeo and Juliet Essay

Shakespeare centers Romeo and Juliet on the tension of opposing forces, including the conspicuous dichotomies of life and death, peace and war, and young and old. But Shakespeare withal explores the underlying theme of emotional poverty within material wealth. The affluence of the Capulets is apparent in the first act, when the stage is continually adomed, between scenes, for the familys banquet. First, before Juliets initial appearance in 1.3, long crimson tapestries are unfurled from the gallery to coverthe cracked marble ofthe facade, and the bench is given an ornate cushion and the fountain a enhancive cover. Before 1.4, a festive garland is strung acrossthe gallery, and additional benches are carried onstage. Finally, before the masque begins in 1.5, candelabra with burning candles are brought in to flank the gallery. Romeo is seen brooding alone on the balcony. His first sighting of Juliet is then strikingly staged. All the revelers below, except Juliet, suddenly freeze in their motions, ghostly white masks held up to conceal their faces, and the stage darkens except for spotlights upon Romeo and Juliet. The grandeur of the Capulet home is dimmed into relative non-existence as Romeo and Juliets sudden love springs to life. Shakespeares stopped-motion technique is employed once more during the masque, again to dramatic effect. After Tybalts rage against Romeos intrusion is quelled--by a slap trom Capulet--the stage is again darkened, and the partygoers are once more frozen. their faces concealed behind the masks. Romeo and Juliet speak with individually other for the first time, gracefully dancing in an emotionally charred circle at centerstage, Romeo attired in green velvet and Juliet in a splen... ... David Kortemeier depicts his sedate but ineffectual Friar Lawrence with dry humor and real fondness for Romeo. Shakespeare briskly paces the concluding scenes. He emphasizes the swiftness of events and multiplying misfortunes rather than lingering on moments as he had done with earlier sequences. This approach works welI in evoking the rapidity of the tragedy, but it deprives the play of some of its power. For example, Romeos dying kiss with Juliet is followed immediately, almost comically, by the take in of the Friar, well before the tragic nature of the double-suicide has had a chance to be fully absorbed. Nevertheless this production is effective drama, due especially to directorial prowess and a slew of rich supporting perfommances. Works CitedShakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. Eds. Maynard Mack and Robert Bayton. Portsmouth Heinemann, 1981.

Cultural Backgrounds of Frank and Rita Essay example -- Educating Rita

Cultural Backgrounds of Frank and RitaThrough close analysis of deuce-ace or four scenes from different split of the play, show how Willy Russell brings out the cultural backgrounds of Frank and Rita in Educating Rita. Comment on how Frank and Ritas attitudes to culture change in the play.Through close analysis of three or four scenes from different parts ofthe play, show how Willy Russell brings out the cultural backgroundsof Frank and Rita inEducating Rita. Comment on how Frank and Ritas attitudes to culturechange in the playIn carrying out the objectives we have been given to write thiscoursework, as outlined in the title, we must evaluate the themes anddramatic techniques used and if we believed they were adequate. Wemust canvas the book to the film and what advantages anddisadvantages either medium presents.Culture has a trem demiseous impacton the feelings and opinions they have, and it is therefore justifiedthat I shall be analysing the relevance of culture in the book andf ilm.I have opted to do four scenes from the play. These being Act One shooting Two, Act Two Scene One, and Act Two Scene Seven.I chose scene two out of Act one because we learn a great deal aboutRitas school life, skills as a writer, her curiousity, her informallanguage, dialect and of her limited vocabulary, not forgettingFranks reactions to these, many of which are priceless.In Act Two Scene One, Rita returns from Summer School, and this has anoticeable impression on her. We in any case hear how Frank has been whileshe has been away, giving further insight into Franks curren state.Act two scene four is one of great importance. Frank and Rita begin to make grow more hostile towards one another - ev... ...delve into the story as deeply as they want to go and still receivethe same sintilation from his work.At the end of the scene, Frank tells Rita that they are to work on thepoet Blake, and Rita tells him that she has already done him andbegins to flaunt about her expertise on Fra nk saying, you dont doBlake without covering the songs of innocence and make out do y?.This is an exceedingly conceited remark to make and quite aninconsiderate thing to say to a man like Frank with an obvious unfavorable position complex. The early Rita would not have made such aninsensitive comment.This scene was not done very differently in the film to the book. Thisscene, however, was filmed in the park, which i felt was veryeffective as a change in Frank becuase in the earlier chapters, heclaims he has an aversion to light, which shows a change in hisopinions.

Glass Ceiling :: essays research papers

Glass CeilingWowork force hold just 9 per cent of executive positions in Australia Candy TymsonGender Differences It is commonly argued that womanish and males be very different with respect to their personal characteristics, such as motivational issues and experience. (Liebermale, 2002) Even when female and males have the same characteristics, there is still near difference with respect to their behaviour and the outcome of their activities. Men recognize that what they say to a female is either heard or reacted to differently than expected. Men catch out themselves thinking carefully about how to approach an issue or how to speak, thereby removing rapport building from the kin with a female. Because female are more relationship oriented, they tend to lead by consensus. Men tend to be more hierarchical and include only the people closest to them at their level in the decision making process. When females have to make a decision they impart often process and look at options o ut loud while men tend to process internally until they come up with a solution. Females often think that the male is being unresponsive to suggestions because of this and men often think that females are looking for approval when they process out loud or that they dont know what they are doing. Some men think that a females way of processing is a sign of weakness.Communication Styles. In non-verbal behaviour females will nod their extend to show that they are listening. Men leave the conversation thinking that a head nod means agreement and will be surprised to find out that the female didnt agree at all. When a female is speaking to a male and he does not say anything and stays in a neutral body language to show that he is listening, a female will interpret that as the male being bored or not understanding what she is saying.

Analysis of Cadburys Essay -- Business Management Companies Essays

Analysis of CadburysBackground to businessThe Cadburys company started manufacturing coffee berry in Birmingham in1824. It was repose up by Mr. John Cadbury. In the yr 1847 the companychanged when John and his brother Benjamin became partners and thecompany became kn receive as the Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham. A year later on the retail side of the business, which was allocated in BullStreet was passed to nephew, Richard Cadbury Barrow. In February 1854the company received their first Royal warrant as manufacturers ofcocoa and chocolate to pouf Victoria. The company still holds theroyal warrants of appointment.In 1861 both Richard and George Cadbury took over the business whentheir father retired. The Cadbury brothers were dissatisfied with thequality of cocoa products that were be produced by manufacturersincluding their own, for this rationalness the brothers wished to melioratethe quality of Cadbury cocoa products as to help the business tosurvive and prosper. The brothe r visited to the Van Houten Factory inHolland, after the visited the Cadbury brothers, started using a sore affect technique. The Cadbury brothers introduced this new processfor pressing cocoa butter from cocoa beans, the process made a morepalatable cocoa essence.The company remained in Birmingham for 32 years and by then thefactory had become too small for the worker force. The brothersdecided that they had to happen upon the factory to larger premises. Thesource of the name beneath is cadburys.co.uk site.Why should an industrial ara be squalid and depressing? Bothbrothers asked.Why should not the industrial worker enjoy country fashion andoccupations without creation separated from his work?If the country is a good place to live in, why not to work in?In 1878 the company was move to Bournville. later the death of RichardCadbury in 1899, the Cadbury business became a private limitedcompany Cadbury Brothers Limited. George Cadbury became the Chairmanof the Companys new Boar d. The other directors were Barrow andWilliam A. Cadbury (sons of Richard) and Georges own two sons, Edwardand George Cadbury Junior.The Bournville factory site became a series of factories within afactory, as everything needed for the business was produced on site,with tin box pressing plants, cartonful qualification units, a design studio andpri... ...ainquality to their chocolate.PRICECadburys price their products competitively with their competitors.Cadburys products can be found in most local box shops, Cadburyschocolates are price at the same price as their competitorExample Cadbury whole nut would cost 35 pence, while a damage obstruction andGalaxy bar could also cost 35 pence.PLACECadbury sells anywhere where there is a demand for their products,special if there many customers that want to debauch their products.Cadbury would sell their products to shops (business) that deals withbeverages and confectionery like (Iceland, Sainsbury, Kwick Save,Tesco, Asda, Safeway) a nd also in post offices and newsagents and invending machines.PROMOTIONThrough Cadburys promotional activities it can be distinctly seen thatthey throw been guided by their promotional and marketing objectives ofmaximising profit and also to increase the sales.Achievement of these objectives enables the business to meet thebusiness objectives of being chip one product in a given market.Cadburys Company are the number one seller of chocolate confectionaryproduct on the market, in the Europe and world-wide. Analysis of Cadburys Essay -- Business Management Companies EssaysAnalysis of CadburysBackground to businessThe Cadburys company started manufacturing chocolate in Birmingham in1824. It was set up by Mr. John Cadbury. In the year 1847 the companychanged when John and his brother Benjamin became partners and thecompany became known as the Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham. A yearlater the retail side of the business, which was allocated in BullStreet was passed to ne phew, Richard Cadbury Barrow. In February 1854the company received their first Royal warrant as manufacturers ofcocoa and chocolate to Queen Victoria. The company still holds theroyal warrants of appointment.In 1861 both Richard and George Cadbury took over the business whentheir father retired. The Cadbury brothers were dissatisfied with thequality of cocoa products that were being produced by manufacturersincluding their own, for this reason the brothers wished to improvethe quality of Cadbury cocoa products as to help the business tosurvive and prosper. The brother visited to the Van Houten Factory inHolland, after the visited the Cadbury brothers, started using a newprocessing technique. The Cadbury brothers introduced this new processfor pressing cocoa butter from cocoa beans, the process made a morepalatable cocoa essence.The company remained in Birmingham for 32 years and by then thefactory had become too small for the worker force. The brothersdecided that they had to move t he factory to larger premises. Thesource of the quote below is cadburys.co.uk site.Why should an industrial area be squalid and depressing? Bothbrothers asked.Why should not the industrial worker enjoy country air andoccupations without being separated from his work?If the country is a good place to live in, why not to work in?In 1878 the company was move to Bournville. After the death of RichardCadbury in 1899, the Cadbury business became a private limitedcompany Cadbury Brothers Limited. George Cadbury became the Chairmanof the Companys new Board. The other directors were Barrow andWilliam A. Cadbury (sons of Richard) and Georges own two sons, Edwardand George Cadbury Junior.The Bournville factory site became a series of factories within afactory, as everything needed for the business was produced on site,with tin box pressing plants, carton making units, a design studio andpri... ...ainquality to their chocolate.PRICECadburys price their products competitively with their competi tors.Cadburys products can be found in most local corner shops, Cadburyschocolates are price at the same price as their competitorExample Cadbury whole nut would cost 35 pence, while a Mars bar andGalaxy bar could also cost 35 pence.PLACECadbury sells anywhere where there is a demand for their products,special if there many customers that want to buy their products.Cadbury would sell their products to shops (business) that deals withbeverages and confectionery like (Iceland, Sainsbury, Kwick Save,Tesco, Asda, Safeway) and also in post offices and newsagents and invending machines.PROMOTIONThrough Cadburys promotional activities it can be clearly seen thatthey have been guided by their promotional and marketing objectives ofmaximising profit and also to increase the sales.Achievement of these objectives enables the business to meet thebusiness objectives of being Number one product in a given market.Cadburys Company are the number one seller of chocolate confectionaryproduct on the m arket, in the Europe and world-wide.

Analysis of Cadburys Essay -- Business Management Companies Essays

Analysis of CadburysBackground to bloodlineThe Cadburys social club started manufacturing chocolate in Birmingham in1824. It was set up by Mr. John Cadbury. In the grade 1847 the companychanged when John and his brother Benjamin became partners and thecompany became known as the Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham. A yearlater the retail side of the business, which was allocated in Bull pathway was passed to nephew, Richard Cadbury Barrow. In February 1854the company received their first Royal warrant as manufacturers ofumber and chocolate to Queen Victoria. The company still holds theroyal warrants of appointment.In 1861 both Richard and George Cadbury overlyk everywhere the business whentheir father retired. The Cadbury brothers were dissatisfied with thequality of cocoa products that were being produced by manufacturersincluding their own, for this reason the brothers wished to improvethe quality of Cadbury cocoa products as to help the business to go bad and prosper. The brother visited to the Van Houten Factory inHolland, after the visited the Cadbury brothers, started using a newprocessing technique. The Cadbury brothers introduced this new processfor pressing cocoa cover from cocoa beans, the process made a morepalatable cocoa essence.The company remained in Birmingham for 32 years and by then thefactory had generate too small for the worker force. The brothersdecided that they had to move the factory to larger premises. Thesource of the quote below is cadburys.co.uk site.Why should an industrial area be tinny and demoralize? Bothbrothers asked.Why should not the industrial worker enjoy country air andoccupations without being separated from his work?If the country is a near(a) propose to live in, why not to work in?In 1878 the company was move to Bournville. After the death of RichardCadbury in 1899, the Cadbury business became a offstage moderatecompany Cadbury Brothers Limited. George Cadbury became the Chairmanof the Companys new Board. The o ther directors were Barrow andWilliam A. Cadbury (sons of Richard) and Georges own two sons, Edwardand George Cadbury Junior.The Bournville factory site became a series of factories at heart afactory, as everything needed for the business was produced on site,with tin box pressing plants, carton making units, a design studio andpri... ...ainquality to their chocolate. hurtCadburys charge their products competitively with their challengers.Cadburys products can be found in most local corner shops, Cadburyschocolates are price at the same price as their competitorExample Cadbury whole nut would cost 35 pence, while a Mars bar andGalaxy bar could also cost 35 pence. houseCadbury sells anywhere where there is a demand for their products,special if there many customers that want to buy their products.Cadbury would sell their products to shops (business) that deals withbeverages and confectionery like (Iceland, Sainsbury, Kwick Save,Tesco, Asda, Safeway) and also in patch offices and newsagents and invending machines.PROMOTIONThrough Cadburys promotional activities it can be clearly seen thatthey have been guided by their promotional and marketplaceing objectives of maximize receipts and also to increase the sales.Achievement of these objectives enables the business to meet thebusiness objectives of being Number one product in a given(p) market.Cadburys Company are the number one seller of chocolate confectionaryproduct on the market, in the Europe and world-wide. Analysis of Cadburys Essay -- Business direction Companies EssaysAnalysis of CadburysBackground to businessThe Cadburys company started manufacturing chocolate in Birmingham in1824. It was set up by Mr. John Cadbury. In the year 1847 the companychanged when John and his brother Benjamin became partners and thecompany became known as the Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham. A yearlater the retail side of the business, which was allocated in BullStreet was passed to nephew, Richard Cadbur y Barrow. In February 1854the company received their first Royal warrant as manufacturers ofcocoa and chocolate to Queen Victoria. The company still holds theroyal warrants of appointment.In 1861 both Richard and George Cadbury took over the business whentheir father retired. The Cadbury brothers were dissatisfied with thequality of cocoa products that were being produced by manufacturersincluding their own, for this reason the brothers wished to improvethe quality of Cadbury cocoa products as to help the business tosurvive and prosper. The brother visited to the Van Houten Factory inHolland, after the visited the Cadbury brothers, started using a newprocessing technique. The Cadbury brothers introduced this new processfor pressing cocoa butter from cocoa beans, the process made a morepalatable cocoa essence.The company remained in Birmingham for 32 years and by then thefactory had become too small for the worker force. The brothersdecided that they had to move the factory to larger premises. Thesource of the quote below is cadburys.co.uk site.Why should an industrial area be squalid and depressing? Bothbrothers asked.Why should not the industrial worker enjoy country air andoccupations without being separated from his work?If the country is a good place to live in, why not to work in?In 1878 the company was move to Bournville. After the death of RichardCadbury in 1899, the Cadbury business became a private limitedcompany Cadbury Brothers Limited. George Cadbury became the Chairmanof the Companys new Board. The other directors were Barrow andWilliam A. Cadbury (sons of Richard) and Georges own two sons, Edwardand George Cadbury Junior.The Bournville factory site became a series of factories within afactory, as everything needed for the business was produced on site,with tin box pressing plants, carton making units, a design studio andpri... ...ainquality to their chocolate.PRICECadburys price their products competitively with their competitors.Cadburys produc ts can be found in most local corner shops, Cadburyschocolates are price at the same price as their competitorExample Cadbury whole nut would cost 35 pence, while a Mars bar andGalaxy bar could also cost 35 pence.PLACECadbury sells anywhere where there is a demand for their products,special if there many customers that want to buy their products.Cadbury would sell their products to shops (business) that deals withbeverages and confectionery like (Iceland, Sainsbury, Kwick Save,Tesco, Asda, Safeway) and also in post offices and newsagents and invending machines.PROMOTIONThrough Cadburys promotional activities it can be clearly seen thatthey have been guided by their promotional and marketing objectives ofmaximising profit and also to increase the sales.Achievement of these objectives enables the business to meet thebusiness objectives of being Number one product in a given market.Cadburys Company are the number one seller of chocolate confectionaryproduct on the market, in the Europe and world-wide.

Parenting and Education During Early Childhood Essay

This paper will discuss various forms of deal outgivers, proveing styles, and archean boorhood education. Topics covered are Evaluate the different types of raiseing styles and their make up ones mind on maturation during infancy and early nipperhood. Compare and contrast at least two different kinds of caregivers and the positive and/or negative impacts on development during infancy and early boorhood. (examples stay at home parent, daycare, grandparent, and nanny) Discuss how early youngsterhood education has evolved and its impact on cognitive development in early childhood.Parenting style is a psychological construct, strategies that parents use in the development of their child during infancy and early childhood. There are many differing theories and opinions on the best ship canal to rear children. Many parents create their own style from a combination of factors in the home, parent upbringing, and surrounding environment. The parent styles are affected by two p arents (if both parents are involved with the child) and the childs temperament other exercises include culture, tradition, and parent upbringing.Despite these ch every last(predicate)enges in child development, researchers wear found links between parenting styles and how these styles affect children. In the early 1960s psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study on 100 pre-school children. Observing the different parent involved in the study, it was place that there are four dimensions of parenting. The four parenting styles are The Four Parenting Styles haughty Parenting This type of parenting, children are expected to follow strict rules established by the parents.Authoritarian parents fail to explain the reason behind the set rules. Failure to follow these rules results in punishment. If the child asks to explain, the parent then replies to a simple answer Because I said so. These Authoritarian Parents have high demands but are non-responsive to their children. Diana Ba umrind labels these parent as obedience and status oriented and expect their orders to obeyed without explanation. (1991) determinate Parenting These parents like authoritarian parents establish rules and guidelines that are expected to followed by there children.But this style is much democratic, and parents are responsive to the child(s) and willing to listen to the child(s) questions. If the child fails to meet the expectations, the parents are more nurturing, forgiving, rather than punishing. They are assertive and not restrictive and intrusive their disciplinary methods are supportive rather than punitive. The parents want their children to be assertive as well as soci eachy responsible, self-regulated, and well cooperative. Diana Baumrind suggests these parents monitor and impart clear standards for their childrens conduct.(1991) Permissive Parenting Sometimes referred to as luxuriant parents, they have very few demands from their children. Permissive parents rarely disci pline their children, reason being the parents have low expectations of maturity and self-control. The parents are non-traditional and lenient they do not require mature behavior and allow considerable self-regulation with confrontation avoidance. Baumrind refers to these parents as generally nurturing and communicative with their children, often winning the role of friend rather than parent.(1991) Uninvolved Parent This parent style speaks for itself, parent have very few demands, little to no communication, and low responsiveness. These parents usually fulfill the childs basic needs. They generally detached and in extreme cases reject or neglect the needs of the child or children. The Impact of Parenting Styles The outcomes of the parenting styles differ these styles are bring on effects rather than causes that lead to the childs outcome. Here are some general outcomes from the parenting styles listed above. Authoritarian parenting children may have less social competency due to the parent or parents telling the child what to do instead of allowing the child to make a choice. In some cases the demands are to forceful and resulted with the child or children to break down, rebel or run away. Authoritative parenting is attentive to their childrens needs and will typically forgive and teach versus punishment for the childs short comings. The result is the children have a higher self-esteem and in lookence. This is most recommended parenting style by experts. Permissive parenting children tend to more impulsive and may engage in more misconduct as an boyish. The children go on to never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to brace their way. As in better cases they child may mature quickly and live a very dependent life. Uninvolved parenting children of uninvolved parents develop a sense that other aspects of the parents life are more important than they are. The child often attempt to provide for themselves, sometimes halt dependence on the parent to have a feeling of independence and mature beyond their years.Child from this environment often withdraw from social situations, this also impacts there relationships later on in life and they show patterns of truancy and delinquency. Studying these outcomes with any accuracy is very difficult, if not impossible, and trying to simply connect adult or adolescent outcomes to the parenting style used with them without adjusting for a multitude of other factors will produce misleading or false results. Some potential causes of these differences include culture, personality, family size, parental background, socioeconomic status, educational level and religion.Compare and Contrast Over the years child education has evolved from the old fashioned simple lectures and drill styled lessons of the past. Instead of the one dimensional process of teaching, it is based around not only learning by repetition but what motivates a child, using different means and medias to teach. By including all the kids and making it gentle and fun for them the kids are not only able to learn the material but to take the next step by using what they had wise to(p). Theorist Piagets stated that children learned by means of a process called Concrete operational thought.In short this is the ability of a child to process familiaritys in a logical manner by the age of 8. The other big part of his theory revolved around perception. Where as a child of 9 years old lets say distinguishes between different types of bugs a child who is five years see all bug being the like even if nine happen to be ants and one is a grasshopper. In that younger childs mind that separation hasnt been made yet. through all of Piagets experiments they showed that around the age of eight is when this ability is found in children. Piagets thought was that the main way of learning forkids was more through a process of discovery. Now on the other side of the spectrum was a theorist named Vygotsky. His t hought process was one that children learned through cultural interactions, lesson instruction manual and through their own peers. That the lessons passed down through the generations were as important as the instructions during class. Things that were a knowledge base too were just as important. With all these things combined is what bridged the learning gap. Vygotsky also emphasized the importance of surrounding children with what is being taught.Reading a big focus among all ages and the importance for this to be learned is one huge example of his thought. If a child is surrounded by family who translates and encourages this to happen by not only telling but also engaging in the activity. In turn the child is more adept to follow in step. So in todays schools the two theories are well(p) or more combined into one. Meaning not only is the old fashioned style of repetitious lectures still partially important. It is also even more so encouraged that kids interact with one another in a fun positive environment led by a teacher.So in this way learning is taking place from many different angles. It is pushed for parents to get involved with their kids by more than just taking them to and from school but to read with them, to practice the math concepts they are taught. Teachers are also encouraged to look at the possible cultural differences and take them into account to develop their lesson plans. So in many ways the teaching of children has changed much from the previous generations. Early childhood Education More responsibilities come along happiness and pride of becoming parents.Children depend on their parents and also need their love and protection. Parents also have to decide what type of care giving they want for their kids. daycare and stay-at-home are two different kinds of care giving parents may choose for their offspring. These are different in many ways, but at the same time they both realize children. Studies have shown that daycare can be usef ul and stimulates a childs intellectual and social development. Children get interaction with kids their same or different age and staff at daycares usually is trained in early childhood development.Furthermore these facilities are certified, and offer different types of educational games for children. Childrens experience at the daycare also contributes to their development (Chilman, 1993). That is by acquiring better language and cognitive skills as they grow up. On the other hand, daycare may not be affordable to everyone, since the cost is usually really high. As Chilman (1993), continues to explain in her study the lack of caliber affordable child care causes numerous absences from work. She also mentions that daycare may not be available for sick children, children with special needs or infants.Staff members at daycares also have to care for more than one child at a time, therefore children may not get the attention they need while being there. Daycare children might not get to know their parents that well, especially if the parents have a real busy work schedule. Most parents would like to be their childrens primary coil caregivers and stay home to care for them. Being a stay-at-home parent brings satisfaction and pride by knowing their child is getting the attention and quality of care needed.The parent gets more time to bond, and witnesses each developmental milestone the child is going through such as, saying the first word, or taking the first step. Some professionals have found out that stay-at-home mothers have been shown to provide better care than working mothers (Shpancer, Melick, Sayre & Spivey, 2006). Even though the parent affectionateness for the child at home can have playtime and bring out toys, the child still needs to interact with other kids their age and interact with them. The mother or father may not have the special training or use the proper toys for the child to play with.Another disfavour of this kind of care giving is that the parent has to stop working in order to care for their child. As Chilman (1993) illustrates on her findings career drives may be postponed by one or both parents for a short period of child care. This could affect the family financially and emotionally since the parent is not fulfilling his or her career goals. In short, it has been shown that daycare gives the child the opportunity to socialize with other children, and caregivers, but they also need the attention and nurturing care of their parents. Reference Baumrind, D.(1967). Child-care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43-88. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95. Chilman, Catherine S. (1993, July). Parental Employment and Child Care Trends some Critical Issues and Suggested Policies. Social plough 38(4). Maccoby, E. E. , & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in t he context of the family Parentchild interaction. In P. H. Mussen & E. M. Hetherington, Handbook of child psychology Vol.4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed. ). New York Wiley. Maccoby, E. E. (1992). The role of parents in the culture of children An historical overview. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1006-1017. Au Shpancer, N. , Melick, K. M. , Sayre, P. S. , & Spivey, A. T. (2006, February). Quality of Care Attributions to Employed versus Stay-at-Home Mothers. Early Child Development and Care 176(2). http//psychology. about. com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/parenting-style. htm Parenting Styles, The Four Parenting Styles Pulled from weather vane Feb 1, 2012.

Marketing techniques Essay

IntroductionThe stemmaes and harvest-feasts I chose happened to be, Nike and their mercurial football game game electric charges, and Sony and their PS3 free rein storage locker. I chose these proceedss because I think they ar both more(prenominal)(prenominal) than or less diverse, and in their time, both these additions score experienced a range of sections in spite of appearance the harvest-home life turn. For suit, due to Nikes football boots having to be always refreshed and re- draw due to proud ambition, they suck experienced, each sphere, a number of times. In contrast, the Sony and their PS3 decl atomic number 18 in some(prenominal) case experienced similar experiences. For example, due to this specific console containence one of the most prospered and exclusive gaming consoles of all time, the e genuinelyplaceall emulation has been reasonably low, and due to this, this authorized product has gather inn the product life cycle at a in truth different perspective by experiencing each sector at a much slower rate. produceThe diagram recorded above dictates the process in which coursees go through, when merchandise. Ein truth trade go away follow this strategy when they advertise and market a product in order to encourage the most gross r notwithstandingue, and to vex a substantial amount of profit. For example, the maiden stage of this Product Life Cycle is the Development. This stage entitles a profession to conjure up a selected idea, in which they allow posterior on hope to produce as a product and then look at. The development stage is where the credit line depart allot in the blue prints of their product and how they will later market it. In separate words, the development stage provides a pieceation for the selected product as it will be built as a proto fictitious character to be later s middle-aged to the public in order to extend gross r nonethelessue and boodle. This p croakered stage is very secretive within any organisation. Other channeles do non require to let their competitors take on knowledge of what theyre producing, in case they steal and exhaust the idea before, and generate a mass of publicity, gross revenue and advantage. The next stage is referred to as the introduction stage this iswhere the bloodline launches its completed product for the first time.This soak upd sector is vital as it will later determine how successful the product is, and whether it should be develop further. Within the Introduction stage, sales begin to rear slowly if the product begins to generate publicity, this is usually due to the lack of knowledge community have ab come out your product, and it is also due to the lack of advertizing. However, a business whitethorn not compliments to advertise straight away, as they may waste money on advertisement a product that their piers may not essentially want or need. Therefore, business tend to use the certain advertis ing scheme, cognize as edifying advertising, this includes small processes in which a business can build their products reputation or publicity. If this section of the product life cycle is successful, businesses can later develop on their products, gum olibanum enabling them to create further marketing schemes, in force(p) to them, in regards to their sales, profits and annual disturbance.The next stage within the Product life cycle is, Growth. This is where a businesss product begins to change magnitude in sales, speedyly. This is due to increased demands, and the fact that all the businesss persuasive marketing schemes are working, thus increasing sales and profits. The growth sector within this product life cycle basically classifies how successful a business is, by being within the growth sector this indicates that the businesss product is successful and popular. The fourth and pen ultimate stage is known as the Maturity stage. This is where a selected product, created b y a business begins to sustain profits, and generate sales slowly.This stage takes place after the growth stage, due to more ingredients such as an increase in product competition due to the publicity of your product, as well as an increase in advertising due to businesses trying to sustain the success of their product. After this stage, comes the final stage, or otherwise known as the Decline. This stage entails a businesss product to begin to drop in sales, reduce in publicity and popularity, it begins to lack its appeal and competition becomes stiffer and bigger, whence fewer units are sold. At this stage, advertising is either halted or completely stopped, and possibly the production of the item may ebb in activity in order to retain money and boost the production on other marketing schemes/ideas. Brand Nike, Inc.Nike, Inc or Nike is a very popular and successful business that originatedin the early 70s. This business firstly began, known as Blue Ribbon Sports in 1964, howe ver, 7 years later saw them changing their name into what we know them today as Nike Inc. This organisation specialises in sports apparel and accessories. This sport based business administers items within sports such as Football, Rugby, Golf, Basketball, Cricket, tennis, athletics and pretty much every other sport. However, I experience they are extremely notorious for their very professional and popular football boots. For example, Nike have earned international success and have worked with the likes of Ronaldinho, Ronaldo, Cristiano Ronaldo, Didier Drogba, Neymar, Zlatan Ibrahimovi, Mario Balotelli, Wesley Sneijder, Wayne Rooney and Landon Donovan in regards to promoting their Football related range of goods. However, in regards to my product, Nike has formed many an(prenominal) advertising schemes with courseers such as Zlatan Ibrahimovi (left) and Cristiano Ronaldo (right).Product Nike erratic VaporThis certain product is a very popular and renowned piece of sports apparel . This certain product is linked with football, as they are, a selected type of football boot. This variation of football boot comes in many shapes and sizes, this enables the product to appeal to all different, acquired tastes, and general this will help the dishonor Nike Inc, reach out and attract customers. However, my reasoning for choosing this brand would be its placement within the product life cycle, due to increased and increasing competition, businesses such as Nike Inc have to constantly refresh and re novelfangled(a) their produce, in order to maintain customers and as a business become more appealing and modern/ chichi.Therefore, I believe these products vary between growth and Maturity, for example, due to the competition, new boots are brought out every couple of months or year, this causes older boots, and their predecessors to be regarded as old, boring or out of room. Therefore, each boot only has a selected amount of time, until the next big style or footbal l boot gets released. Like I mentioned before, I believe this product is mainly situated within the growth sector, as each boot only obtains a selected amount of time to take after and become appealing, until the next brand gets released therefore, its time to mature and become a cemented item is limited.Brand Sony CorporationSony Corporation, or Sony, is a very successful and popular Japanese multinational corporation that specialises in electronics, game systems and game entertainment. Sony is one of the leading providers of game entertainment in todays phoner they have produced some iconic titles/products like the PS1, the PS2, the PS3 and its most recent addition, the next generation of console, known as the PS4. These gaming, entertainment systems have altered and revolutionised the way we play virtual games, and they have truly made their mark on gadget history. Sony is a Japanese business that began in 1946, its name, at the time stood as capital of Japan Tsushin Kogyo, ho wever, since 1958, this iconic brand has been referred to as Sony.Product Sony, swordplay station 3The product I will be using during this task will be Sonys, award winning creation/product, known as the PS3. I believe this product has been very, very successful, and I think I it will be an lofty product to evaluate and analyse. For example, seeing as this certain console is one of few gaming entertainment systems to be released in the modern era, the competition is reasonably low, therefore, its time during the product life cycle has sustained and gradually evolved into being a product within the Maturity sector. However, due to recent events, a new range of console appeared, formed by the same brand Sony.This new range of gaming console is referred to as, the next generation of gaming entertainment, and this specific console is known as the Sony PS4. This PS4 was released into stores and gaming retailers on such dates as the 15th of November 2013 (for North American Citizens), t he 29th of November 2013 (for European Citizens) and 22nd February 2014 (for Asian Citizens) and as of manifest 2nd 2014, this product has already sold as many units as 6 million global. Because of this, the Sony PS3 will in conclusion fall into the declining sector within the product life cycle, due to decreasing demand, decreasing popularity and a come in advertising and production. This certain factor is one prominent reason why I have chosen this product to feature within my coursework.PromotionThe advancemental process within a business is where an organisation would advertise a selected product to either inform existing customers of new modifications to their products, or to advertise a new product they have just created and completed. The methods and messages business use when displaying their products are very important, as it can overall determine the outcome/success of the product. For example, businesses want to sustain and attract new and existing customers by usin g persuasive and informative promotional materials, and if their promotional schemes do not achieve this substantial amount of money can be lost, thus vetoly affecting the business and electric potentially damaging the business. There are many forms and ways in which business can promote their products for example Advertising Through TV, radio, magazines, newspapers, internet count marketing directly approaching and come ining customers, e.g. public speakers, telesales, door salesmen Direct Marketing Leaflets, mailshots, emailsPoint-of-sale selling point stands, free samples, vouchers, offers Incentives loyalty cards, bonus points or point systems i.e. these exist on many crisp and ce square selling brands Public Relations Ensuring the organisations name is well known and grown or growing publicity. Catchy slogans, and brand names or e.g. sponsorships like Nikes Cristiano Ronaldo sponsorship deals Sales Promotion special offers, deals, sales to attract customers All thes e ways are commonly used by business in order to boost the publicity and overall speculation on their product, as every business needs to achieve a certain amount of customers, in order to generate profit. As well as these promotional ideas/methods, businesses also use certain features like AIDA. This stands for (A) Attraction, (I) Interest, (D) Desire, (A) Action. This diagram is used to represent a customers approach to reviewing a product. For example, when seeing a advert that appeals to them, these (potential) future customers will have a mental review of the product, and over a period of time, this AIDA process should unravel and take its formation.This is a process in which many businesses follow, in regards to promoting and releasing their product/ideas so they can rate what techniques to use, when advertising and promoting their products. For example, firstly comes the Attraction of the product, businesses want to represent their newly formed product as a new revolutionary item that will eudaimonia someone in every way, where its needed. Therefore, business will present their item as cool, modern and highly anticipated despite its not even released yet. This is in order to obtain the focus of customers and to gain their attention to their product. The success rate in which businesses do this will determine how many lot will feel encouraged to acquire your product, an increase of this will overall gain ground the business and generate them with increase/grown profits. Secondly comes Interest, this is where business aim to achieve the focus and publicity of their product. Because of this, businesses want people/customers to gain an interest to their product, they want people to feel they need and have to purchase it.If a business successes within this stage, this could impact the business in a number of positive ways. For example, an increased amount of people interested within your product could mean, an increase in profits, and this will most cert ainly benefit a business. Businesses do this by containing people within their adverts or promotional materials looking happy with the product, or featuring notable figures in order to promote how stylish a product can be. Like I briefly mentioned, businesses want customers to feel the need to have their product, this stage is referred to as the Desire stage, this is where business feature many promotional materials in order to obtain the attention of customers and make them feel the need to want to buy and purchase their product. Again businesses can do this through featuring famous figures like Cristiano Ronaldo in order to promote their new product.By doing this, many fans of these famous figures may feel desired into purchasing the product as they deem it as stylish or maybe they just feel loyal to the mapping model/celebrity who promoted it. Finally features the stage/section known as Action. This the physical side to this AIDA cycle, for example Action is where the customer /reviewer will eventually purchase the good and use it/consume it for its purpose. Within this cycle, businesses dont really have to do anything more at this stage, the customer has bought their product, all the business can do now is wait and assume the certain client has grown fond of their product, thus potentially forming them into an existing customer/loyal consumer. What are the promotional techniques used by your businesses? Within the two businesses I have chosen, there are multiple promotional techniques. Within the paragraphs displayed below, I will present this and eventually outline their strengths,weaknesses, and comparison with competitors and their differences. Nike Inc, Mercurial VaporFor this selected product, I found many promotional schemes, however, I commonly found promotional processes within the advertising side of promotion, and these TV advertisements included famous footballers like Cristiano Ronaldo and Zlatan Ibrahimovi in order to boost the attraction of their product as well as the desirability. For example, some separate shots/links of the adverts collectedAdvertisementsCristiano Ronaldo https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWVYwppLPdE https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mdgTR5ZyDsZlatan Ibrahimovi https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=pqVk1FHYeFY https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=7SBnk3lKzzgStrengthsWithin this set of Nike commercials, I thought the real strengths and positive aspects had to be the way in which they want people to perceive their products. For example, within each advert/promotional technique, they indicate how their style of football boot could change the way in which you perform, and how it can alter your abilities. For example, within the Cristiano Ronaldo adverts, it depicts Ronaldo, running through a whole team, easily with such pace, the advert then finished with the simple statement of Be fast. Be Mercurial. This would indicate to customers that their special brand of football boot could enhance their abilities and the way t hey perform on the football pitch. For many football fans, and aspiring football players, these factors may be very important and this may encourage them to buy the item as they desire the certain traits these products purportedly provide. This is also a good way of advertising, because when people purchase this variation of football boot, its another way of advertising, however its free.For example, potential customers may see other people wearing the advertised boots, and this may cause them to feel jealous due to them knowing what the boots supposedly provide trait wise, as well as the fact, their favourite footballer may be the cover of thatcertain brand, therefore they could feel further experiences of jealousy. This factor is very important because, in modern day football, the competitiveness between aspiring players may be extremely high, therefore each player wants/needs a certain factor such as new boots that may pose them with an advantage over everybody else/their oppone nts. Overall this will encourage more people to purchase Nikes product as the certain products may feel increasingly desired, thus potentially increasing their profits and reputation.I also feel strength of these advertisements is the involvement/featuring of oecumenical known sports figures like Cristiano Ronaldo and Zlatan Ibrahimovi. Many young people interested within sports and football idolize over certain role models like these players, therefore, when these people see the Nike adverts featuring them, they feel obliged to purchase the certain piece of sports apparel in a way of supporting their role model. Therefore, Nike can use this to their advantage by exploiting how these players benefit from their products, and how it will reflect on their customers. For example, many fans and expiring footballers may feel, that wearing the same football boot as Cristiano Ronaldo or Zlatan Ibrahimovi will grant them with their abilities and skill. Because of this, Nikes advertisements can easily attract more customers by featuring these great athletes, thus potentially boosting their profits due to increased attraction and desirability.WeaknessesWithin these adverts, I entangle it was very hard to cause a significant weakness however, I came to the conclusion of their adverts potentially degrading people. For example, due to the adverts representing how football players could be boosted/enhanced by the certain football boot, certain people who may desire the item, however cant afford it may feel, when they play football, they do not have enough skill or power when on the pitch in comparison to people wearing these advertised boots. Because of this, many people may feel degraded, and they may also feel potentially weaker as a footballer, and this could potentially have a negative effect on Nike due to some people possibly feeling depressed closely their abilities when being reminded of their products and their brand faces like Ronaldo and Zlatan Ibrahimovi. The refore, Nike may suffer some reductions in customers,therefore a decrease in overall profits.Comparisons with competitorsWhen comparing to competitors, I believe Nike is probably at the best stage, I believe Nike is at the top of their game. For example, I think the way in which these commercials are conducted, represent these products with style, professionalism, power, speed, agility, and skill, precision. Because of this, I believe Nikes target audience has been expanded for example, due to the professionalism and smart appearance of these products and their commercials, elder customers may also be enticed to purchase the products, as well as young, aspiring players.I also feel Nike made the correct choice when choosing players like Cristiano Ronaldo when advertising their products. For example, over the medieval couple of years, Ronaldo has accomplished many individual and joint awards and has successfully earned his place as the one of the best, if not the Best player in the w orld. Because of this, more people may have been enticed to buy Nikes products, thus potentially booting their profits and overall reputation.Sony, Play Station 3Again, with this certain product, I found Sony Corporation used many promotional techniques in order to advertise their product, peculiarly within television, posters and billboards. For exampleLinks https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyTlxHwuPZY Long springy Play Michaelhttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqkNPcUMffU PS3 Baby CommercialStrengthsWithin these Sony, PS3 commercials/promotional material, I found that theses commercials had many aspects about them that were positive. One of these was the engagement to the audience a special individuals that are avid console gamers. For example, within the Long Live Play commercial, a group of gaming characters formed in order to honor the background character known as Michael who controlled their stories, as he PLAYED their games. I believe this is a positive effect as certain peop le may recognise these gaming characters, therefore they already obtain some variation of emotionalattachment to them, because of this, more people may be attracted to Sonys products. For example, by seeing characters from certain games they have played may trigger many good memories of these people playing these games when they were younger.Because of this, they may feel encouraged to buy the console in order to recap on old memories, because of this, and increased amount of people buying Sonys products will mean, and increased amount of profits, thus benefitting Sony in a number of ways. Another strength could be the suspense during the commercial. For example, the Long Live Play commercial depicts a group of characters speaking and celebrating about this person called Michael, however, customers watching the commercial dont actually get told who this Michael is and why hes important until the very end. I believe this is a very good promotional technique as this may cause customer s having to watch the entire commercial as they are curious to whom Michael is, and by that time, they are drawn in and notified of the brand Sony PS3. This suspense could ideally cause more people to remember the commercial, and overall these factors could increase the amount of people who will buy Sonys products, thus increasing their profits further.WeaknessIn comparison to the Nike commercials, I felt there were more negatives within these certain promotional methods, especially within the first commercial I watch, the PS3 baby commercial. I feel there were certain negative, such as how vague the promotional method was, for example, I dont feel and cant appear to analyse any form of message or purpose into why Sony depicted a baby doll, glancing at their product and making a series of different noises. If anything I believed this certain commercial was quite weird, and if I were to watch this commercial, my initial answer would probably deter me from buying this product,, as I found little about the product itself, and the way I think the commercial was conducted was very unconnected and dysfunctional. I believe this would overall be a negative effect in regards to Sony. For example, if people are deterred from buying you product, due to your commercial, this could result in decreased sales and ultimately a decrease in your annual turnover.I also find, within the Long Live Play commercial, if you were new to gaming and unaware of some of the figures within the production, the advert wouldnt really appeal to you,therefore the way Sony aimed to increased sales through this promotional method may not work as well as hoped. For example, how do you expect to connect with some of the characters when youre un aware of their story/history? Ultimately this could affect the turnover and sales created through this product and it could mean less people may purchase Sonys products, thus potentially affecting their profits. However, in relevance to my last point, it could also be perceived as a positive, for example, if some people are unaware of certain characters, this may leave them questioning their purpose, and why theyre there.Because of this, people unaware of this information may feel the need to purchase a games console and some related game titles in order to find understand why certain characters were within the commercial. Due to this, businesses like Sony who sell gaming systems may give increased sales due to people new to games, and are searching for a correct platform to play on. Overall this would positively affect Sony as sales may increase, as well as profits, thus benefiting the company economically. In comparison to their competitors I feel Sony dont feel the need to input as much effort into their advertisements. They seem to focus on sales promotions within shop windows like Game or Game Station. I also feel Sony withdraw from increased advertising as it costs money, and they seem to find leaving their customers witho ut that many details, It might give them an increased chance in regards to buying the console as the negative effects of the product may be unknown until purchased, this is beneficial to Sony as again, more sales mare be generated, thus a potential increase in profits.Pricing Strategies UsedPricing strategies is another word for the structure, and how businesses decide to sell their goods, and depending on these products, the type of pricing may change.Nike, Mercurial VaporThe first pricing strategy I think Nike use in regards to this specific product happens to be the strategy known as promotional Pricing. This is where businesses provide offers, and sales on their certain products. And in Nikes case I believe this is exactly what they do, for example, considering the competition for this variation of product is very high, businesses like Nike have to constantly circulate new products and new Mercurial Footballboots, otherwise, their competitors will receive the upper hand and pote ntially an increase in customers due to less competition and other competitors not releasing new, updated stock. So, businesses like Nike release new stock/products like Mercurial Football boots in order to maintain their customers interest, therefore a majority of their older stock falls into the category of sales, deals and special offers.For ExampleFor example, Nike cut bolt down this special type of Mercurial Football boot down from 55.00 to 43.00, a 12.00 hurt decrease.Nike also follows the pricing strategy of Price Skimming. For example, when Nike first releases a new rendition of the Nike Mercurial Football boot, the value is initially, extremely high. I believe they do this because they know people would pay so much, just to stay up to date and modern in regards to the latest range, I also believe they do this because they know they are going to later decrease the charge, therefore they initially sell their products at an extremely high price, just to take advantage of t he limited time its going to be that price for to ensure they may generate a major profit per unit, thus potentially increasing their sales and overall increasing their profits.For exampleThe screen shot displayed above represents how much Nike initially release their Mercurial Vapor range at, later this price will decrease as new boot ranges will circulate, and this certain style will eventually go decrease in fashion/popularity.Sony, Play Station 3The Sony PS3 has been around for around for around 7 8 years now, therefore the pricing strategies Sony used may or may not have changed during the products desire lasting existence. Over that period of time, the Sony PS3 has been altered, re-mastered and perfected, therefore the pricing has obviously had to be changed, and considering the release of the new PS4, the Sony PS3 price has probably fluctuated at an even greater scale. One of the pricestrategies the Sony PS3 withheld was, Price Skimming. Sony needed and has used this strate gy due to the products huge market life. In order to generate and receive the most sales/turnover, Sony needed to keep the price as high as they could until something like the PS4 appeared. For example, since its release, the Sony PS3 has maintained a price between 400 150, therefore within that 8 year product life bracket, Sony has only cut the pricing down from around 250, and like I mentioned before, Sony did this in order to generate the highest amount of sales/turnover in order to sustain a substantial amount of profit.Sony have also used the pricing strategy known as promotional pricing, for example, since Sony and their consoles involve features such as buyable accessories and games, Sony seem to release the occasional deal which involves a mix of a variety of games, certain gaming related accessories and obviously, the console itself. These deals appeal to many people as they receive the highly anticipated console as well as many other beneficial features. However, business es like Sony use these added features in order to boost peoples encouragements as they believe the deal is better than it actually is. This is beneficial to the business as it overall could result into increased sales/profits due to deal prices and bundles potentially being sold for more than the individual console.This then leads me on to my next and final pricing technique, for example, business use the pricing strategy known as Psychological pricing. This is where businesses sell products at a price to lead off customers and trick them into thinking its cheaper than what it really amounts to. For example, many businesses sell items ending in 00.99, this is due to it seeming like its much cheaper than the price following(a) it, for example, people feel theyve received a great deal off an item for 19.99 instead of it being 20.00, despite its one penny less, your eyeball deceive you and it seems to look like a much smaller number/price. For example, in regards to Sony, their PS3 has been usually sold at a price ending within 00.99 in order to trick and deceive people, thus causing Sony, to generate an increased amount of money, thus boosting sales and potentially enlarging the businesss profit.For exampleAs you can see, this certain retailer has applied this strategy on order to generate a increase within each unit sold. This will overall benefit Sony asmore money will be generated within their company, causing them to receive a positive cash flow.PlaceNikeNike is business that specialises within sports apparel and sports related accessories, therefore you will find most Nike goods within common Sports retailers. For example, popular European stores like Sports Direct, JD sports and the Nike shop will issue these related goods as they are all featured within the same business sector Sporting and Leisure activities. These products produced by Nike are supplied within these stores as Nike is a multinational brand, and its becoming increasingly popular, ther efore, over the past couple of years, the demand for Nike produce, such as Mercurial Football boots has increased.Because of this, businesses like Sports Direct and JD sports want to sell their goods as Nike will cause them to generate increased profits due to increase popularity of Nike products and increasing demand for the certain stock, supplied by Nike. This is beneficial to both stores, for example, Nike will receive money through the selected stores Nike stock sales as a percentage of this money will be generated and transacted to them, as long as Nike provide these businesses with suitable and updated stock. The only negative I can picture could be the certain percentage of the money Nike might receive, for example, this percentage may be quite low, and therefore it might actually negatively affect Nike as they may spend more money manufacturing and tran white the goods than what they receive in return.Sony, Play station 3Since Sony and their PS3 is categorized as a gaming e ntertainment system, the stores that usually sell this product are gaming retailers like, Game, HMV, Game station, and CEX, however, since PS3 became a worldwide product, they have gradually been sold within basic superstores like Tesco, Wall mart, Sainsburys, Morrisons, ASDA and Waitrose. Again, due to the products speculation and overall success, these businesses decided to get in touch with Sony and sell their produce (PS3) as they were certain its success will provide them with increased sales, and overall profits. Many businesses likeTesco also bought the stock in order for more people to enter their stores, fro example, by increased amounts of people entering a Tesco in search for a PS3, they may buy a certain fox or product provided by Tesco, and because of this Tesco and other superstores selling the PS3 may have also generated increased product/stock sales and well as potential increased profits.Much like the positive effect presented above this will also overall benefit S ony, as an increased amount of businesses abstracted to sell their produce, will mean an increase in funding and overall boost in the finances within the organisation as more money will be externally inserted within the company. The only negative again could possibly be an insufficient amount of money to compensate for the immense amount of demands from businesses wanting to sell Sonys products, however their funding/money should cover it, thus evading this problem and providing Sony with no real negative issue in regards to this problem.Evaluate the marketing techniques used by a selected business NikeAfter evaluating and analysing Nike and their Mercurial Vapor football boots, I have resulted in a conclusion, and have formatted my final opinion, on their way of marketing. I personally believe Nike used very smart and successful marketing strategies, as the popularity of their business represents how they have globally attracted people to their brands, and sports apparel. For examp le, in regards to their Product, I believe the way theyve dealt with the growing/fast competition really functions well within their business. For example, Nike has adapted and became accustom to bringing out and releasing new products, like football boots every couple of months/year in order to sustain the interest of their customers and target audience. For example, they need to sustain each of their products like the Mercurial Football boots within the growing sector in regards to the product life cycle, until the next brand or style of boot gets released.Without these certain functions, and Nike standardized approach, I doubt the business would be as successful as it has been over the past few years, this certain function has certainly helped Nike achieve success, sales and profits and these are all very beneficial features within an organisation. Due to these factors, I also believe Nike has breached its customers expectations they have released consistent and fashionable produ cts, muchlike the rapid production and competition of football boots, and they are definitely one of the best within their selected sector of Sports and Leisure apparel/equipment. This is why I believe Nike could be regarded as one of the best, if not the best football boot producers/retailers within the world, and I believe they are definitely one of the feared businesses, in regards to their competitors like Adidas, Puma, Umbro, Sondico and Warrior.Secondly, I believe Nikes Promotional sector is also very effective, for example, as I mentioned previously, I believe the way Nike advertise and present their products is very professional, stylish and smart in regards to their appearance. And because if this, I believe Nikes target audience is expanded, for example, by appealing to an increased amount of people, Nikes football boot sales may increase, therefore Nike may even result in an increase within profits thus benefiting the business further. I also believe Nike conducted their sponsors very professionally and successfully as well. For example, Nike and their range of football boots obtain sponsorship deals with players like Zlatan Ibrahimovi and the two time Ballon dOr winner Cristiano Ronaldo. I believe these deals have secured Nikes success, for example, due to players like Ronaldo promoting their produce, an increase amount of people have been encouraged to buy their products, like the Mercurial football boots thus boosting their sales, revenue and overall, profits. Again, in comparison to their competitors, I believe Nike are the best in their business sector.For example, the way theyve conducted each commercial, poster or other promotional source, they do it with certain features that I feel provides them with an edge in regards to attracting and generated desiring customers.Within Nike, I feel their pricing strategies were extremely good / beneficial to the organisation, and I believe, there isnt any other form of strategy that I would follow, in te rms of generating sales, and ultimately profits. For example, I believe the strategies they used were very good, in regards to their products, and how it will function with their target audience/customers. For example, one of the pricing strategies they used was, promotional pricing, this is where business sell their goods by offering certain deals and sales and cutting down the price in order to attract and generate an increased amount of customers.I believe it wasconvenient for a business like Nike to use this certain strategy, as the football boot market is very competitive, and new boots will have to be released every couple of months/ year. Because of this, its only right if they cut down the price on their other goods by introducing sales, offers and other forms of promotional pricing, in order to attract more customers, and potentially increase sales/profits. Another form of Promotional pricing that Nike conduct is the strategy known as Price skimming. This is where businesse s initially release their item at a very high price however, as it progresses through the product life cycle, this price tends to decrease in order to benefit the business and customers by producing potentially more sales, thus more profits, as well as a cheaper price, therefore increasingly affordable. Again in Nikes case, this is mainly due to the strong, competitive market. For example, new products like Mercurial football boots will have to be released, therefore the stock referred to as the old stock will slowly come down in price as new products and goods get released.This will benefit Nike as the cheaper prices could attract more customers, because of this, Nike could face an overall sales increase, and this sales increase could eventually lead to the increase in Nikes profits. Nike could improve the sales of this by promoting these reductions in such things as Television Adverts or posters, combined with popular retail stores such as Sports Direct. By promoting these lessen offers, more people within their target audience may feel interested to purchase their products, due to this Nikes sales and overall profit may lead to an increase. Within these advertisements further deals with popular sports personalities such as Cristiano Ronaldo could take place further promoting these reduced products, ultimately leading to more people having a desire or wanting for these items, resulting in an increase in Nikes sales and profits. I believe the way Nike sells their produce, like their Mercurial Vapors is very convenient and beneficial to the organisation.Therefore I believe these certain pricing strategies are very effective and this specific range of marketing techniques are very successful in terms of generating the business with increased sales and overall increased profits. Nike has overcome their competitors by formulating certain schemes to override their opponents and receive increased customers, sales and profits. Like I mentioned previously, to streng then this, Nike could promote their discounted and reduced priceseven more. For example, since a new style or variation of their products such as Football boots are renewed monthly in order to maintain a controlling position within the Market, a vast amount of their old products are slightly forgotten about in regards to customers and their target audience. Therefore I think it would be highly beneficial to Nike if they compensated more for the promotion of their older products with reduced prices as it could overall increase the sales of their business, and ultimately lead to increase publicity.More people would be interested to purchase these promoted items with reduced prices, creating a larger attraction to the Company (Nike) and its products, either new or old. Further promotional materials with sports personalities would also help solidify their position, as certain sporting figures may attract a larger audience to their business, increasing the publicity and knowledge of thei r products this would be highly beneficial to Nike as it may result in increased sales, ultimately leading to an increase within profits, further benefiting the organisation. However, if I had to make one improvement I would say the pace at which the company skims the prices off its products. For example, many times I have been looking at popular football boots and noticed how the prices are extraordinarily high.For example, popular football boots promoted by famous athletes sometimes cost over 200. For children, and sometimes adults, this type of money to compensate is nearly impossible, or considered a waste. This high price may result in push factors for people in search for the adequate balance I regards to sporting goods such as football boots, people will look for price, fitting and appearance and if the price is high, it may deter people from purchasing it, ultimately reducing Nikes sales, potentially leading to a decrease in profits. By increasing the rate at which these pro ducts are reduced, and shortening the period they are sold at a very high price for, more people may be attracted to buying and using the product, thus promoting the businesss content furthermore, and ultimately leading to an increase in profits due to increased customers and sales.Lastly, within the marketing sector, comes the section known as Place. This basically refers to where the products are actually sold. For example, for Nike this is the common sports retailers like Sports Direct, JD sports andmore. This encourages greater sales as the product is widely available. For example, it would be common to provide businesses who have generated success, prior to you letting them sell your specific items. Therefore, it was only beneficial for businesses like Nike to sell their good to businesses like Sports Direct who are very successful and have generated an array of customers in search for products like Nikes Mercurial football boots. This will benefit them as the businesss success could potentially mean, more people might purchase Nikes products, like their Mercurial Vapors, therefore Nike would benefit as they could potentially result in an increase within profits, and sales.Another way Nike may be able to improve the promotion and success of their sporting related goods could be the increase in personal customization, for example, many people buy and purchase products such as football boots to stand out within their selected sport, by allowing your customers to personalize a product, catered to their wants and desires will enable an increased level of individuality. For example, this customisation technique may allow people to feature their own personal initials and colour combinations on their selected Nike products. Also, this certain function should not only be introduced via the internet, but also via located outlets. This would enable people and customers to receive a visual on how their selected product would appear. Certain physical features such as a wider Nike product customisation would potentially lead an increased amount of customers, for example, like I mentioned previously, within their selected sports, people want to stand out, in order to attract attention or an increased chance of remembrance.Therefore, by allowing people to customize their personal products whether it is tops, shoes, boots, shorts or even tennis rackets, a wider audience may be attracted. Ultimately this may increase Nikes sales, leading to an increase in their overall profits. The only recommendation for Nike, in my opinion would be if they were to provide more promotional pricing methods in order to prevent certain items falling into a decline, for example, due to the high competition within the market in regards to football boots, they have to release new boots, every couple of months, therefore the older boots decline in price and popularity quickly. In order to prevent this, I think Nike should increase the amounts of offers within their footb all boot range this will potentially increase sales and even boost profits as anincreased amount of people would be encouraged to purchase Nikes products due to the falling/cheaper prices. Again this will benefit the business as more money could be generated, and this could possibly mean Nike may sell more, thus increasing their overall sales.

Drama In Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Essay

A very living and breathing drama of life is painted in Road Not Taken that presents a concomitant in which speaker is caught in a decision-making dilemma. The setting of the meter presents the speaker t a bifurcation of road where he must decide which trail to take. He can not make out where either road leads. He looks at the physical aspects of the road and decides to conk out on the less-traveled road. The poem symbolizes the be theme of choice-making and speakers individuality in prefer a less-common way. It further implies that decision-making must not be procrastinated because it is more harmful than the out hap of an endeavor. Furthermore, in manifest that there is no absolute choice available to gay being and he has to prefer one choice over the other(a) provided and governed by destiny. The only distinction that poet has, is his preference of less-common choice.Although whole poem is an extended metaphor of life where one comes across many occasions when he has to make decisions nevertheless Frost introduces various metaphorical expression to convey the intensity of the situation. In the very first greenback, Robert Frost brings in the primary metaphor, the diverging roads. Fist line introduces the dilemma of diverging road while in line 2-3 poet shows the limitations of physical being and regrets over human incapability to travel on both(prenominal) road.Long I stood depicts that he did take the impulsive decision and took his time to make decision. Lines 4-10 depict his comparative examination of both roads. He again refers to human incapacity when he acknowledges that his vision is inadequate. Next two lines resonate the past feeling as he finds the both road really about the uniform. In 13-15, he makes his decision whereas lines five lines, he visualizes himself in future, talking about his decision to go on the less-traveled path. The tone of the poem is broody because speaker contemplates on his options. He has to take into account the characteristics of each road. There is an element of regret also as he can not travel on both road but poems ends on an optimistic not as poet thinks that traveling on less-traveled road will make the difference. He signifies the importance of his individuality that compels him to move on a less-trodden path. He does not adopt the ordinary path in the mundane activities of life. The structure of the poem has a peculiar importance and is constructed on four stanzas with five lines each. The first stanza presents the dilemma second stanza symbolizes the choices available to the speaker. Third stanza manifests his regret over not taking the other road whereas fourth road depicts the decision of the poet to take the less traveled road. There is sign of exclamation after line 13 that indicates the excitement on decision to keep the first path for another day but this excitement soon dies out as he doubts that whether he will come back. In lines 18 and 19, there is repetition of I that d enotes the emphasis on his decision to move on less traveled trail. Rhyme scheme of the poem is abaabcdccdFrost uses simple diction that conveys his message with comprehensive. So as a whole, this poem uses different poetical tools to describe the psychological dilemma of the poet in decision-making. His fuck off is not subjective but is of universal nature and he presents it in a subtle way.

Ace Fertilizer Ima

Ace Fertilizer Company Abby Conroy was tasked with calculating an effective quote for Breeland Ltd. , she chose the activity based score costing system since it more accurately captures the related cost. A special bless was placed by Breeland Ltd. with Ace Fertilizer Company. The did not plan to set out more of this product in the future. Based on Aces policy, the special order included disposal cost for any used materials in the as yett no other orders existed for the unused materials at the time the Breeland contract was signed.Abby sortly calculated the total direct material and labor be and accurately arrived at the indirect costs using the ABC method and used cost activity pools that make understanding for the company and product. She incorrectly included the organization-sustaining costs which are not related to any specific product so should not be included. Abby incorrectly calculated the beat up cost by dividing 80% from the cost rather than multiplying so the markup and the total cost to Breeland has been overstated by $193,500.This would ultimately produce a higher profit with lower costs and a higher customer margin but would be inconsistent with Ace 80% markup policy. Revisions could be made and an accurate quote could be provided to tomcat Brennen for approval. During personal time over the weekend, George was presented with a possible opportunity to sell the unused portion of Breelands special order materials to his brother razz. On Monday, George wanted to moderate the Breeland quote as is, whereas Abby wanted to order it to exclude the sale of materials to razz plus superfluous charges.George is correct to leave the quote unchanged, since there are no new orders for the additional XO-1600 yet even though he and Josh talk ofed it during personal time. Company policy dictates that the special order customer would be calculate for unused materials in the absence of another existing order for the same materials. It would be putting the cart before the horse to recalculate new costs and inform Breeland of a possible price revision before Josh confirms, especially since the information exchange occurred over the weekend during a personal family event.It is liable(predicate) that Josh will purchase the additional 10 gallons of product but that cant be confirmed until later in the week. It is not correct however that Breeland should incur those material costs if Josh does purchase them. George is not correct in how he would handle the transaction with Breeland should Josh purchase the materials. The materials should not be double billed and disposal stipends should not be incurred by Breeland if this event never occurs.From an IME standpoint, Abbys costing calculations were flawed which speaks to her competency as a way accountant, but her integrity was consistent with IMA ethical standards. Her markup mis carry away was most likely a clerical one and only(a) only that could easily be hardened however includi ng organization-sustaining costs in the client quote is a larger concept level mistake. The first error places a small black mark against her level of competence. Since she has developed an excellent level of expertise with Ace, I would suggest that it could be overlooked.The second error however is larger and would suggest her level of competence might be questioned. Following Georges conversation with Josh, Abby was keen on modifying the bid to include a materials reduction of $16,000, elimination of the $10,000 disposal fee for unused materials and a reduction in organization sustaining overhead costs of $52,000. Including the 80% markup, this would save Breeland $93,600 if Abbys original quote had been correct and the numbers were not modified to abolish the organization-sustaining error.It is clear that reworking the original quote to accommodate a new client would benefit Breeland, however the conversation between George and Josh was personal and not final, even though Josh was able to preliminarily confirm he would place the order. The original quote would represent a more timely quote since future prospects had not yet materialized and would be consistent with Aces company policy. Since Georges conversation with Josh would be considered confidential in nature with respect to Breeland, it would limit Abbys permission to inform them of any possible rework of the quote without express consent or approval of George.Since tom Brennen would need to review any reworked quotes anyway, it doesnt seem likely that Abby would violate any confidentiality requirements as directed by IMA Standards. Georges suggested game plan of billing the products twice could be seen as a reproach of confidential information since he is confident Josh will buy the materials but is still willing to move forward-moving with the Breeland quote without disclosing the possibility of Joshs purchase to Tom.George may also be engaging in a conflict of interest by using his brother and information gained in a non professional environment as a means to unethically increase revenue. It would also represent a departure from ethics and integrity as an activity that discredits the profession since it lacks communication with Breeland. If Josh does confirm he will purchase the materials within the 20 day usable product window, it would represent additional and more timely information and should signal Abbys recommendation to revise Breelands quote, even if it is after the fact. It is a timing issue.If George does provide the Breeland quote to Tom as is and does not discuss with him the implications of his prospective new client on the numbers provided, he would be weakening his own credibility since it would represent a lack of information disclosure to Tom. It could be argued that he is providing the quote fairly and objectively but, it lacks the perceptiveness of how the new client would change the numbers in Breelands favor and precludes the possibility of client dou ble billing, an important fact to support disclosure of all relevant information communicated fairly and objectively.I think Abby is correct in advising George that a possible rework of the quote is in order although based on the confirmed information, the current Breeland bid should go forward as is with a caveat that it could change with the confirmation of Josh as a new client if he is engaged before the Breeland quote is signed. Since the meeting will take place between George and Tom on Wednesday and the details of Joshs possible purchase are expected to become known later in the week, it makes sense to wait a day or two before making the decision.It is also possible that Josh may not make the purchase. Ace is one of the few companies nationally that is able to produce the product, it seemly unlikely that Ace would risk losing their business by asking for a few extra days to confirm final details of the quote. No mention of Joshs possible order is necessary. Tom should be give n full disclosure by George of the impact on profitability of both scenarios. These would include 1). the order as is without the prospect of Josh placing an order, 2). he revised order based on Abbys recommendations of reducing XO-1600 materials cost, disposal cost and markup, and the additional sale of the remaining 10 gallons of XO-1600 to Josh, including shipping charges and 3). Two separate quotes that would include the original quote to Breeland executed as is, then a contract signed later with Josh followed up with a revised contract with Breeland eliminating the disposal cost and the additional materials cost. The quote o Josh should not include organization-sustaining costs since they are not considered product costs. Abby recommends that George inform Tom about the prospective use of the extra 10 gallons. If George is reluctant to do so, she should also be willing to speak directly with Tom about the Breeland quote changes, if applicable. It is not known what Aces policy i s regarding adjudicate issues with questionable ethical implications. If necessary, Abby may contact an IMA Ethics Counselor to gain a better understanding of how she should proceed.The case study suggests this issue is a liaison of how a management accountant might proceed in light of a shortfall of required monthly profit goal, in that is may be perceived as a way to make up the shortage. It is also mentioned that neither profit scenario would provide the desired result of reaching the monthly goal. The management accountant should see this as an ethical issue and not a function of whether one scenario or the other will produce the desired result.If Abby were to revise her original assumptions and excluded the organization-sustaining costs per required by the ABC method she is using, she would have noted a reduction in the bottom line of $18,000, which represents the disposal fee plus an 80% markup. Clearly, the scenario George likes would net the larger bottom line at $802,800, an increase of $28,800 in the bottom line of the Breeland Ltd order alone. This could be a potentiality lapse in judgment based on a desire to get closer to a proposed profit goal if he doesnt discuss the possible purchase by Josh with Tom.From a policy standpoint however, George is doing the correct thing, although from a fairness standpoint, Joshs possible order mustiness be considered. Three scenarios are included which outline how each quote will affect the bottom line. If the original quote is signed by Breeland and moves forward without a purchase by Josh, the bottom line will be increased by $774,000. If Josh is given time to confirm and execute an order with Ace for the 10 gallons of material prior to the Breeland quote signing, Ace bottom line will be reduced by $18,000.If Breeland signs the quote, then later Josh signs a contract for the remaining materials and the materials are double billed, the company bottom line would be increased by $802,800. This is ultimately an issue with areas that need insight from IME ethical standards, especially with respect to communicating information to Tom Brennen. It seems a case in which company policy might be overlooked in order to maintain a standard of fairness while also being honest about product and customer treatment.

Death Camp

It all began when a group of old friends decided they wanted to go camping for the weekend. All they wanted was to have a laugh, get rummy and have right last memories of their time together before they went to university in different parts of the country. Camping seemed alike a complete way to recount goodbye, or so they thought. Sitting around a warm campfire, toasting marshmellows and sharing memories, they would remember the good times and leave on a good note, the troubles of the yesteryear forgotten.Jack and Mike decided to organise a weekend in the New Forest and collected a i30 contribution from their friends to pay for food, drink, render and the hire of a minibus. So it was that, one crisp morning in late August, the group of friends met at The Three Compasses in Luton and set off, talking and laughing, for their perfect weekend away. The journey took a few hours due to the volume of traffic on the roads and by the time they reached base camp they were hot, tired and irritable. dictated not to let the weekend get off to a bad start, Jack suggested that they set up camp in the woods then go their separate ways before the barbeque later in the evening. Jack led the group from the carpark to a clearing about half a cubic centimetre into the dense trees and they began to set up the large ten-man tents. After agreeing to meet back at seven, they split into twos and threes and went off to explore the forest. Everyone was back by half past and got a fire going, crackling merrily as they toasted marshmellows.As the drink was brought out the talking and laughing grew louder and more raucous until most were every a quietus or dancing outrageously to Mikes CD collection. The fire flickered, its embers glowing and cinders scattering about the clearing. The deep shadows between the trees were broken by its golden sparkle and different hues of yellow danced across the canvas tents. A wonderful aroma of sweet pinewood burning alter the clearing, mingling w ith the pungent perfume of wild grasses and flowers. The stars command processing overhead time were glittering like diamonds in the velvety night sky.Jack was dancing near to the fire but he was one of the last ones, everyone else had gone into the tents to sleep off the vodka and beer. As his friends decided that they too were ready for bed, Jack went to put out the fire with a bottle of water. In his disorientated state he by luck picked up a half-drunk bottle of vodka and threw its contents onto the fire. There was a roar and the scorchs sprang up, licking the night air like a predator hungry for prey. Tongues of flame caught low-hanging branches and they were swallowed up, the pine resin spitting and jumping.Jerked out of his drunkeness, Jack ran to the tents and shouted for everyone to get out and follow him. The ones who listened ran outside, dragging their semi-conscious friends with them. Crashing through the dense undergrowth they headed in the command of the minibus an d clambered aboard. Mike, who had stayed sober enough to drive, sprang into the drivers seat and they sped off down the road. At a nearby laybay they stopped and called the fire brigade from a phonebox. It was only then that they established several of their friends behind at the mercy of the raging flames.The forest was alight, the trees catching like dry tinder and pillars of orange flame rocketing into the night sky, the pines burning like torches. The people left behind ran drunkenly away from the flames but the fire was spreading at an incredible rate, springing from tree to tree like rampaging tigers. Smoke filled the forest and they choked as they ran, stumbling and falling. Overcome by tiredness and lack of oxygen, they sank down in a clearing by a road, hoping the fire could be stopped before it was too late

Success and Failures of Low-Cost (Rdp) Housing Post- Apatheid.South Africa

Introduction According to Tonkin (2008), embarrassed speak to house is ingleside units whose total accommodate comprises argon deemed open upable to a group of people within a specified income range, rugged cost house includes brotherly accommodate and belittled income accommodate. In s unwraph-central Africa these houses have been provided through the Reconstruction Development Program (RDP). Since 1994, the government has been implementing this program to put upress the lodgment backlog which is unendingly increasing. The post-Apartheid has era has been enlightened by incompatible successes and sorrows of low cost house.Some of the successes include provision of living accommodations to the little at affordable rates and failures include that it promotes unremitting segregation of people in unity with economic class and race (Tonkin, 2008). The main(prenominal) purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the successes and failures of low cost housin g (RDP). The Successes of let out-Cost housing in Post-Apartheid Low cost housing has brought attention of excellence to southmost Africa by different countries in the world. southwest Africa has been classified as the worlds leading acres in relation to the provision of houses and its inspiration to eliminate idle settlements.Researchers have suggested that federation Africa by 2011 had build-up 2 meg houses for the poor. South Africa has been identified on the transnational atomic number 18na as a country leading by example in relation to the initiatives it takes to provide low cost housing (Tonkin, 2008). Furthermore, Tonkin (2008) suggests that low-cost housing has managed to provide housing to the poor who could not afford housing on the market. The market forces could not provide for picking and selection for these people to have housing of their preferred choices. Low cost housing has contend a role of making equitable selection for those who cannot afford housing. This has helped in improving the living conditions for these poor households. In addition, jobs have been created due to the low cost housing provision process. Low cost housing has played the role of job creation strategy. South Africa has been hit by massive unemployment rates since 1994, which has do most to survive on nothing, due to no shortage of employment opportunities (Tonkin, 2008). Moreover, Tonkin (2008) indicates that the historically black universe of discourse, which has been supressed by the apartheid outline, have been catered for, by low cost housing.Back under the apartheid blacks were not allowed to have accommodation especially in towns. Exclusionary zone was the ordinance which dominated the housing allocation, favouring those with gold and those who are racially deemed acceptable. Low cost housing has been a catalyst in addressing this bulge out. Lastly, low cost housing has make availability of cheap push back especially in areas, where low cost housi ng is located near heavy industries. The availability of the labour has made industries to operate on low cost strategies and help them utilize their resources more efficiently and effectively.In addition expenses for these industries reduce especially in relation to wage expenses (Tonkin, 2008). Failures of cheap housing in Post-Apartheid On the new(prenominal) hand, Low cost housing has had its failures . One of the failures of low cost housing is that a small number of the population have benefited from the program. In South Africa a larger share of the total population lives in informal self-built houses. In reality low cost housing has failed to benefit large groups of people (Zhang, 2008).To add more, Zhang (2008) clarifies that low cost housing has even made lives of the poor to become more difficult, this is because the (RDP)s have been characterised by the issue of being of low quality. Reports have made variously about their lack of quality by occupiers. Some of the iss ues raised include that the roofs in some instances are always leaking when it rains, another issue has been of the stuff and nonsense used which can be easily get damaged by wind or other elements of nature. Furthermore, low cost housing has been responsible for the failure to link efficiently and effectively people to employment areas (Zhang, 2008).Land near the central business district is mainly expensive, consequently cheaper land is found in the outskirts of towns and thats where low cost housing is built. This has made people to travel longer distances to their employment areas, eventually people go forth be forced to fork out large sums of money. Tonkin (2008) has highlighted that most (RDP) houses have become residential dormitories because most beneficiaries choose to rent their homes and move back to informal settlements or other housing approximate to work. In addition, Tonkin (2008) suggests that low cost hosing has een unable to create or provide integrated develop ment. Segregation of the poor households tranquillise exists and in some racial segregation is also present. Therefore this perpetuates marginalisation of the poor and does not contribute to the compaction, integration and restructuring of the apartheid city (Zhang ,2008) This segregation has made South African cities to be identified as some of the least dense cities in the world and eventually in the end low cost housing does not allow mixed housing as an alternative solution.According to Zhang (2008), (RDP) housing in some instances has promoted violent clashes amongst different groups of low cost housing recipients, the main agreement is that housing has not been adequately distributed effectively enough to cover the whole section of those who cannot afford it. Housing delivery process has been poor. It is estimated that the 2 one thousand million+ houses which were built by the government, only offered accommodation to 5 million people out of the total of the total 12million people who have been identified to have no proper housing (Tonkin, 2008).In addition, the major part of the land where the houses for RDP are built was once used as mainly farm land (Zhang, 2008). produceion in the agriculture heavens has been affected because land as a factor of production has been reduced. Food production has been affected by this move. The country has been forced to go through a lot of expenses to balance this situation. The use of genetically modified technologies which promote quick growth of food crops, in the same time being harmful to the human race body have been adopted as options by the government (Tonkin, 2008).Low cost housing has been responsible for this effect in agriculture production. Moreover, low-cost housing has failed to leverage growth in the economy. The main reason is that government has been the main actor alone in the delivery and the private sector has only put in little effort. The Gross Domestic Product has not benefited much from th e low cost housing, because of lack of investments and clarifications of the benefits of low cost housing entrepreneurship (Tonkin, 2008).Lastly, low cost housing has not been able to combat nuisance but rather has promoted the rate of crime to increase (Zhang 2008). The main reason is that the services within the vicinity of the housing have not been distributed efficiently and effectively . Another cause of crime is that most people are overcrowded and do not have ways to endure their lives. Statistics in South Africa suggest that areas associated with low cost housing are prone to crime and thats were the highest crime rates are situated in the country (Tonkin, 2008). ConclusionIn a nutshell, low cost housing has been a controversial issue where it has been characterised by successes and failures. The main drawback which makes RDP housing to be a failure is the legacies of the post-apartheid system which hinder success. RDP housing has been helpful in providing accommodation fo r the poor and at the same time it has been of low quality making lives even difficult for the users. author page Guy, A 2000, The New South Africa, Macmillan Press, London. Tonkin, A 2008, Sustainable Medium Density Housing A Resource Book, Development Action Group, Cape Town.Tonkin, A & Muthambi, L 2012, Challenges for interest groups and their advocacy campaigns The field of sustainable medium density housing , in Thuynsma H A (ed. ), Public Opinion and Interest Groups government activity South Africas Missing cogitate? , Africa Institute of South Africa, Pretoria. Watson, V 2002, Change and Community in Spatial Planning Metropolitan planning in Cape Town under policy-making transition, Routledge, London. Zhang, X Q 2008, Housing Finance System in South Africa, UN-HABITAT, Nairobi.Success and Failures of Low-Cost (Rdp) Housing Post- Apatheid.South AfricaIntroduction According to Tonkin (2008), low cost housing is dwelling units whose total housing costs are deemed affordabl e to a group of people within a specified income range, low cost housing includes social housing and low income housing. In South Africa these houses have been provided through the Reconstruction Development Program (RDP). Since 1994, the government has been implementing this program to address the housing backlog which is continuously increasing. The post-Apartheid has era has been enlightened by different successes and failures of low cost housing.Some of the successes include provision of housing to the poor at affordable rates and failures include that it promotes continuous segregation of people in accordance with economic class and race (Tonkin, 2008). The main purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the successes and failures of low cost housing (RDP). The Successes of Low-Cost housing in Post-Apartheid Low cost housing has brought attention of excellence to South Africa by different countries in the world. South Africa has been classified as the worlds leading count ry in relation to the provision of houses and its inspiration to eliminate informal settlements.Researchers have suggested that South Africa by 2011 had build-up 2 million houses for the poor. South Africa has been identified on the international arena as a country leading by example in relation to the initiatives it takes to provide low cost housing (Tonkin, 2008). Furthermore, Tonkin (2008) suggests that low-cost housing has managed to provide housing to the poor who could not afford housing on the market. The market forces could not provide for choice and selection for these people to have housing of their preferred choices. Low cost housing has played a role of making equitable selection for those who cannot afford housing.This has helped in improving the living conditions for these poor households. In addition, jobs have been created due to the low cost housing provision process. Low cost housing has played the role of job creation strategy. South Africa has been hit by massive unemployment rates since 1994, which has made most to survive on nothing, due to no shortage of employment opportunities (Tonkin, 2008). Moreover, Tonkin (2008) indicates that the historically black population, which has been supressed by the apartheid system, have been catered for, by low cost housing.Back under the apartheid blacks were not allowed to have accommodation especially in towns. Exclusionary zoning was the ordinance which dominated the housing allocation, favouring those with money and those who are racially deemed acceptable. Low cost housing has been a catalyst in addressing this issue. Lastly, low cost housing has made availability of cheap labour especially in areas, where low cost housing is located near heavy industries. The availability of the labour has made industries to operate on low cost strategies and help them utilize their resources more efficiently and effectively.In addition expenses for these industries reduce especially in relation to wage expenses (Tonkin, 2008). Failures of Low-Cost housing in Post-Apartheid On the other hand, Low cost housing has had its failures . One of the failures of low cost housing is that a small number of the population have benefited from the program. In South Africa a larger share of the total population lives in informal self-built houses. In reality low cost housing has failed to benefit large groups of people (Zhang, 2008).To add more, Zhang (2008) clarifies that low cost housing has even made lives of the poor to become more difficult, this is because the (RDP)s have been characterised by the issue of being of low quality. Reports have made variously about their lack of quality by occupiers. Some of the issues raised include that the roofs in some instances are always leaking when it rains, another issue has been of the material used which can be easily get damaged by wind or other elements of nature. Furthermore, low cost housing has been responsible for the failure to link efficiently and ef fectively people to employment areas (Zhang, 2008).Land near the central business district is mainly expensive, therefore cheaper land is found in the outskirts of towns and thats where low cost housing is built. This has made people to travel longer distances to their employment areas, eventually people will be forced to fork out large sums of money. Tonkin (2008) has highlighted that most (RDP) houses have become residential dormitories because most beneficiaries choose to rent their homes and move back to informal settlements or other housing closer to work. In addition, Tonkin (2008) suggests that low cost hosing has een unable to create or provide integrated development. Segregation of the poor households still exists and in some racial segregation is also present. Therefore this perpetuates marginalisation of the poor and does not contribute to the compaction, integration and restructuring of the apartheid city (Zhang ,2008) This segregation has made South African cities to be identified as some of the least dense cities in the world and eventually in the end low cost housing does not allow mixed housing as an alternative solution.According to Zhang (2008), (RDP) housing in some instances has promoted violent clashes amongst different groups of low cost housing recipients, the main reason is that housing has not been adequately distributed effectively enough to cover the whole section of those who cannot afford it. Housing delivery process has been poor. It is estimated that the 2million+ houses which were built by the government, only offered accommodation to 5 million people out of the total of the total 12million people who have been identified to have no proper housing (Tonkin, 2008).In addition, the major part of the land where the houses for RDP are built was once used as mainly farm land (Zhang, 2008). Production in the agriculture sector has been affected because land as a factor of production has been reduced. Food production has been affected b y this move. The country has been forced to go through a lot of expenses to balance this situation. The use of genetically modified technologies which promote quick growth of food crops, in the same time being harmful to the human body have been adopted as options by the government (Tonkin, 2008).Low cost housing has been responsible for this effect in agriculture production. Moreover, low-cost housing has failed to leverage growth in the economy. The main reason is that government has been the main actor alone in the delivery and the private sector has only put in little effort. The Gross Domestic Product has not benefited much from the low cost housing, because of lack of investments and clarifications of the benefits of low cost housing entrepreneurship (Tonkin, 2008).Lastly, low cost housing has not been able to combat crime but rather has promoted the rate of crime to increase (Zhang 2008). The main reason is that the services within the vicinity of the housing have not been di stributed efficiently and effectively . Another cause of crime is that most people are overcrowded and do not have ways to sustain their lives. Statistics in South Africa suggest that areas associated with low cost housing are prone to crime and thats were the highest crime rates are situated in the country (Tonkin, 2008). ConclusionIn a nutshell, low cost housing has been a controversial issue where it has been characterised by successes and failures. The main drawback which makes RDP housing to be a failure is the legacies of the post-apartheid system which hinder success. RDP housing has been helpful in providing accommodation for the poor and at the same time it has been of low quality making lives even difficult for the users. Reference page Guy, A 2000, The New South Africa, Macmillan Press, London. Tonkin, A 2008, Sustainable Medium Density Housing A Resource Book, Development Action Group, Cape Town.Tonkin, A & Muthambi, L 2012, Challenges for interest groups and their advo cacy campaigns The case of sustainable medium density housing , in Thuynsma H A (ed. ), Public Opinion and Interest Groups Politics South Africas Missing Links? , Africa Institute of South Africa, Pretoria. Watson, V 2002, Change and Community in Spatial Planning Metropolitan planning in Cape Town under political transition, Routledge, London. Zhang, X Q 2008, Housing Finance System in South Africa, UN-HABITAT, Nairobi.