The Small Business Act (Essay) - 550 Words

Contract Administration and Management. The Small Business Act (Essay Sample) Content: Running Head: CLINICAL TRIALSClinical trials and their benefitsNameCourseInstitutionTutorDateClinical trialsDefinitionClinical trials are studies done to carry out an assessment determining the viability of a medical strategy, treatment, or devices. They assess the effects created if such strategies are implored to a human subject. The studies are carried out to show the best-recommended approach that work best for various illnesses or a certain group of individuals (Yang, 2010). The studies are also effective in helping carry out a decision or effecting a decision based on outcome of the study. The trials are conducted only when satisfactory information available to match health authority standards. Research specialists enroll volunteers or patients into pilot studies to conduct specific tests depending on the product type and development stage (Yang, 2010). Clinical trials vary in intensity. They can be performed in a single country or multiple countries. They are expensive to carry out. The burden of payment is usually bestowed on the sponsor of the research. Sponsors may include government agency or health organizations (Yang, 2010).Functional rationaleThe objectives of clinical trial are to test how well medicine will work on patients. For every clinical trial, there exists a guideline of how to carry out the trial (Yang, 2010). The plan discusses what is to be done, how it will be done, and the importance of all aspect in the study. This includes the importance the general study. There are rules guiding on how to choose the participants in the study. The main factor in choosing the participants is volunteering when a person has sufficient knowledge (Pocock, 2004). They volunteer's health status will be determined by the study since some may need healthy individuals and others may need individuals with certain diseases (Pocock, 2004).In other instances, gender is used to determine a viable volunteer. There are independent committees set to determine the procedures and monitor the whole exercise. These committees are made up of physicians, statisticians, and members of the community. The committee emphasizes the need to educate all the subjects liable to tests so that they can know the effects of every aspect of the trials (Pocock, 2004). In so doing, the subjects will be well aware of the risks involved such that volunteering shall be out of free will. Since the tests are conducted to human subjects, they are eligible to many legal aspects (Pocock, 2004). They are carried out in four phases. Because the life of an individual may be at risk during the trials, the law provides strict guidelines that facilitate a safe environment for the subject (Pocock, 2004). The shared responsibilities for the safety of the subject heighten safety measures during actual studies. In most cases, women are not subjected to these trials because of several reasons. These reasons are either the woman is in the age of childbearing, is preg nant, and/or she becomes pregnant during the study. Local site investigators carry out continuous assessments to determine the safety of the subject (Pocock, 2004...

Rhetorical Analysis Of Benjamin Franklin s The...

Adnan Eid Midterm essay Pop culture In 1755, Benjamin Franklin stated in a letter to the colonial governor â€Å"Those who would give up essential Liberty to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety.† This letter was about raising money through taxation in order to use the money to provide better defense against French and Indian attacks. This quote is used today in the context of liberty and security. Today, particularly in the post 9/11 era, it is an ongoing debate as to whether we should be trading some or all of our liberty for security. In the 1770’s, our founding fathers declared their independence from the British. They gave up the protection and economic security they gained from the British Empire. In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson wrote: We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Our founding fathersShow MoreRelatedStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pages AP Literary and Rhetorical Terms 1. 2. alliteration- Used for poetic effect, a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a group. The following line from Robert Frosts poem Acquainted with the Night provides us with an example of alliteration,: I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet. The repetition of the s sound creates a sense of quiet, reinforcing the meaning of the line 3. allegory – Where every aspect of a story is representative, usually symbolicRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrateRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore

Impact of Gender Difference on Teamwork - 5205 Words

â€Å"PSYCHOLOGY† IMPACT OF GENDER DIFFERENCE ON TEAMWORK PREPARED BY Sheikh M. Sikandar Impact of gender differences on TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Background of the study Related research Summary 2 Impact of gender differences on LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH METHODS Conceptual framework RESULT CONCLUSION DISCUSSION Recommendation Limitation of the study REFERENCES INTRODUCTION Boys or girls- Who are better or smarter? This is a well known worldwide phenomena and controversy when it comes to gender that is better in comparison since the beginning of the creation. Many debates and researches have under taken to answer this question but in end no one can conclude this. When it comes to competition the enthusiasm of†¦show more content†¦Hypothesis: A no of studies have conducted in different fields to evaluate the gender differences and their behavior, cooperation, competitiveness between them as well as performing the intelligence and memory based tasks. This study explores the issue that how boys can better perform in a team and why girls can not perform better in such type of games and previous researches also showed that boys perform better so we design the experiment to investigate the reasons and main factors behind this issue. Our view is based on the personal experience and as well as on the previous studies. So we postulate the following hypo thesis of the above stated experiment is: H0: Performance of Boys As a Team Is Not Surpassing As Compared To Girls. H1: Performance of Boys As a Team Is Surpassing As Compared To Girls. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this research study are as follows: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Evaluate the Gender Differences in Team Work and Team Competition To undertake the primary research on boys girls at Bahria University in order to analyse the effect of the gender differences on their teamwork To conclude the impact of gender in the successes of teamwork 5 Impact of gender differences on LITERATURE REVIEW Recent studies find that women are less competitive than men. This gender difference in competitiveness has been suggested as one possible explanation for why men occupy the majority of top positions in manyShow MoreRelatedA Research on Team and Group Communication Processes1168 Words   |  5 Pagesto enhance the quality of service. This is largely because there is a direct relationship between communication and team or group effectiveness. 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An Ethical Dilemma Code of Professional Conduct

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Dilemmafor Code of Professional Conduct. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this essay is to identify an ethical dilemma in the case of end of life patient. The essay will focus on the case scenario of Harry Nelson, who is suffering from the end stage cancer. He has exhausted all the treatment options and currently he is receiving palliative care at his home. Harry has not prepared his advanced care directives. Harrys condition is significantly deteriorating and he finds difficulty in swallowing food and fluids. Harry is alert and completely aware about his condition and it is his wish to die at his home. However, his daughter Stacy believes that her fathers life can be longer if he receives further treatment in the hospital. The ethical dilemma in this case scenario is that Stacey calls the ambulance. The crew arrives but the conflict between Stacey and her father could not be resolved and crew transports Harry despite of his objection. The ethical dilemma is that patient has been transported to hospital against his wish, even when he fulfill s the criteria for the treatment. Therefore, this essay will discuss this ethical dilemma in detail and will provide the legal and ethical defensible approach with the support of relevant principles of health care ethics, professional code of ethics and code of professional conduct. Ethical Dilemma and Various Legislations in Australia The ethical dilemma identified in the given case scenario I the Harry do not want to receive further treatment in his last stage cancer and wants to peacefully die at his home. But, his daughter is under stress and wants to send his father to receive end of life care in the hospital. The ambulance crew was called by Stacey, as she believed that her father could live longer if he receives further treatment. However, the actions taken by Stacey and ambulance crew were against the wishes of Harry and ethical dilemma occurred when crew transported Harry even after his objection. The case scenario also explains that harry was alert and completely aware of his condition. This means that patient is competent to take his own decision. The patient is responsible for taking their own decision till the time court has not announced the patients is incompetent to take his decision and had not appointed any decision maker for patient (Willmott et al, 2014). Patient has also not shown any suicidal intentions behind not continuing the treatment. Therefore, he is not even considered under the Mental Health Act of Australia. Competency is considered as the key component of the patients consent (Sweet, 2014). The law surrounding the competency of the patient in end of life may be difficult to establish, but it is the duty of the health care professionals to respect the right and decision making of the patient (Mason, 2013). The condition of the patient is not treatable and the further treatment can ineffectively prolong the process of dying. According to the s 36(2) of theGuardianship and Administration Act 1986, a person is considered to be incapable of giving the consent, if they are incapable of understanding the nature of the treatment and if they are incapable of indicating about their consent. However, in the case of Harry, he has been alert and aware of his condition, and he already had been exhausted all the treatment options. Further treatment will only remain as the life prolonging treatment which will not improve patients condition. According to the definition of a competent patient, a person should be considered competent to make a health care decision if they appear able to comprehend, retain, and weigh up the relevant information and then make a choice (Roth, 2014). The common law also states that a person should be presumed to have the decision making capacity unless there are evidences of the incompetency of the patient or the court has declared the patient as incompetent. Harrys daughter Stacey is also not appointed as the guardian or administrator for her father. Therefore, the decision making power remains in the hands of Harry. The patient cannot be transported without his or her consent, as forcefully removing the patient and transporting them is considered as assault. The common law of Australia supports the rights of the older patients, who have the capacity to make decision about their health and body (Mason, 2013). It is unlawful to treat the patient or force the patient without their consent. Disrespecting the consent is considered under the law as the crime and a tort. According to the Medical Treatment Act 1988, 2010), the competent adults can refuse the medical treatment even if the refusal of the procedure or the treatment can pose the serious risk to their life. This act significantly supports the provision of informed consent. Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct According to the study Steer (2015), consent can be defined as the to give assent, permission or agreement. From the ethical perspective and ethical healthcare practice consent is considered as the fundamental element of care. Consent is universally associated with patients autonomy and self determination (Steer, 2015). The consent of the person is important for respecting the rights of the patients and exercising their will for decision making. Consent of the patient is also important from the legal perspective. The role of the ambulance crew and the paramedics is to treat and transport the patients, it is very important that they receive the consent of the patient. However, in the case of Harry, his consent was not respected that significantly disrespected the autonomy and self determination of the patient. According to Steer (2015), It is a fundamental principle that to treat someone who is capable of giving consent to treatment, but has not done so, is an assault. Due to this ethical dilemma the principle of autonomy of the patient has been challenged. It is the duty of the health care professionals to respect the decisions of the competent patients till the time he has not provided advanced care directives. The end of life treatment can be futile for the patient and may only cause more suffering and pain. Advanced care directive can be considered as the A document that describes ones future preferences for medical treatment in anticipation of a time when one is unable to express those preferences because of illness or injury (has also been called a living will (Roth, 2014). Advanced care directives are very important for maintaining the dignity of the patient, through which people make future treatment decisions and can make arrangements for future, so that they can die with dignity (Richards, 2010). According to the study of Ashcroft et al (2007) respect for the autonomy has been deeply rooted in the political and moral traditions. It also displays the absolute freedom and choice of the individual. The principles of bioethics also provide the moral framework for decision making in the health care system. Autonomy means freedom from the external pressure and constraints, personal self governance, and staying free from the control and interference of others (Beauchamp, 2007). Respecting the common autonomous choices of the people is a moral principle, which in health care system is determined through informed consent and refusal of the treatment (Bingham, 2012). The autonomous individual is free to make their personal choices regarding the treatment or refusal of the treatment. Informed consent and respecting the autonomy of the patient is a very important ethical principle. From the ethical perspective, the right to refuse displays the principle of autonomy. The ethical principle of autonomy is equal for all the individuals and every patient must be allowed to withhold their autonomy. The freedom to disagree or refuse should be accepted till the time patient has been in permanent vegetative conditions, or have provided the advanced care directives for certain treatment options. National Patient Charter of Rights supports the rights of the patients to safe and quality care. The charter provided the 8 key rights to the patients, which also includes the respect, dignity and consideration of the patient choices. Patient should be respected and dignity should be maintained for the patients who are terminally ill, those who are receiving palliative care and those who are competent. The services provided to such patients should be dignified, supportive and comforting (Draft National Patient Charter of Rights, 2008). According to the Australasian Competency Standards for Paramedics (2011), the paramedics have to work in accordance to legal and ethical boundaries of their profession. They have to practice according to their code of conduct and their code of ethics. According to this code or the competency standard, the ambulance crew including the paramedics must acknowledge the rights of the individuals for autonomy and for self determination towards care (Good Medical Practice, 2009). They are also required to indentify and resolve the conflicts through personal initiatives. Paramedics are also required to understand the principle of consent and how it can be applied to emergency services (Australasian Competency Standards for Paramedics, 2011). In case of the family members, it must be understood that a right claimed by a person is not a right that they own. The people should be able to distinguish between the rights that are enforceable by the law, such as maintaining the confidentiality, and the right, which is not enforceable by the law, which includes the right of providing the second opinion (Crigger et al, 2015). Relative or family members have no right to determine the medical treatment against the wishes of the patient, who has the legal capacity to provide consent. The relatives cannot dictate that how they cast the vote. The relatives can be consulted to provide the clear picture for the patient, but cant make decisions on their behalf till the time they are legally authorized to do so. They can provide their view and can make a decision in the case where patient is unable to do so. Only the authorized person can make decision on the behalf of the incompetent adults otherwise it is unlawful to force the decision on the competent patients (Steer, 2015). In this case it is important to understand that wishes of the patient should be the main priority and it should be assumed that all the conditions for informed consent have been fulfilled. Australian Human Rights Commission also provides the right to self determination to people. In the case of Harry the professionals do not have any duty to provide the life prolonging futile treatment. Therefore, the self determination of the patient provides the right to refuse or disagree with any treatment. According to the given condition of the patient, any kind of treatment is futile. However, professionals do have the duty of care towards the treatable conditions. It is because the provision is futile treatment provides no benefits to the patient, but increases the unnecessary harm (Willmott et al, 2016). In this regard The Medical Treatment Act can be considered to be important that provides the provision of declining the treatment for terminally ill people. In the given case scenario there has been a conflict among the values and belief of the patient and her daughter. Resolving the value conflicts among the relatives and the patients is not the practice provision of the paramedics; however, the neutrality is impossible in this scenario. The paramedics must have made the choice between the competing values of relative and patient. It can be seen that patient is merely being removed and not helped. He has been harmed or uselessly being bothered, which is in contrast with the ethica l principle of Non-Maleficence (do no harm). The paramedics must perform the practice conduct and should focus on helping patient and not their relative (Sweet, 2014). Paramedics also have the right to refuse to serve the third person other than the patient, because the primary duty of care is towards the patient. Conclusion This paper is based on the case study of Harry Nelson and provides the detailed discussion regarding the legal and ethical principles associated with the ethical dilemma in the case. Discussion in the paper has been supported with appropriate evidences, laws and ethical principles. References Ashcroft, R. E., Dawson, A., Draper, H., McMillan, J. (Eds.). (2007).Principles of health care ethics. John Wiley Sons. Australasian Competency Standards for Paramedics. (2011). Retrieved from: https://paramedics.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/PA_Australasian-Competency-Standards-for-paramedics_July-20111.pdf Beauchamp, T. L. (2007). The four principles approach to health care ethics.Principles of health care ethics, 3-10. Bingham, S. L. (2012). Refusal of treatment and decision-making capacity.Nursing ethics,19(1), 167-172. Crigger, N., Fox, M., Rosell, T., Rojjanasrirat, W. (2015). Moving It Along: A study of healthcare professionals experience with ethics consultations.Nursing ethics, 0969733015597571. Draft National Patient Charter of Rights. (2008). Australian Commission of Safety and Quality in Healthcare. Retrieved from: https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Consultation-document.pdf Good Medical Practice: A Code of Conduct for Doctors in Australia. (2009). Medical Board of Australia. Retrieved from: https://www.medicalboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?record=WD10%2F1277dbid=APchksum=eNjZ0Z%2FajN7oxjvHXDRQnQ%3D%3D Mason, D. (2013). Common law rights, human rights scrutiny and the rule of law. Medical Treatment Act 1988. (2010). Retrieved from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/mta1988168/ Pope, T. M., Anderson, L. E. (2011). Voluntarily stopping eating and drinking: a legal treatment option at the end of life.Widener L. Rev.,17, 363. Richards, B. (2010). General principles of consent to medical treatment. Thomson Reuters. Roth, L. (2014). Advance Care Directives.NSW: NSW Parliamentary Research Service. Steer, B. (2015). Paramedics, consent and refusalare we competent?.Australasian Journal of Paramedicine,5(1). Sweet, A. (2014). Consent, capacity and the right to say no.Med J Aust,201(8), 486-488. Willmott, L., White, B., Smith, M. K., Wilkinson, D. (2014). Withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment in a patients best interests: Australian judicial deliberations.Med J Aust,201(9), 545-547. Willmott, L., White, B., Close, E., Gallois, C., Parker, M., Graves, N., ... Shepherd, N. (2016). Futility and the law: Knowledge, practice and attitudes of doctors in end of life care.