Connex Market Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Connex Market Research - Essay Exampleen the system was established, it was set up under assumptions and predictions made for stricter working hours and it is for the same reason that extinguish trains were rarely run.However, express services had to be introduced as time passed and the 1970s cut a major revamping of the Melbourne Train System. These changes were welcomed by commuters and the 1980s and 1990s saw an increasing account of people choosing to take the train rather than to drive to their destinations (Morphet, 2008). However, the system was not designed to meet an exponential increase in passenger demand and had to be stretched in its functioning in order to cope with the same. Issues began to develop in scenarios where train paths crossed each other and express trains had to consider tracks as well as junctions, causing delays to take place. Considering the nature of the train system, it is evident that a single delayed train can cause a chain reaction of delays for other trains as well.Once a delay occurs or a train is taken off operation, it causes an increase in the number of passengers trying to board an individual train, causing an increase in the time required for passengers to get on and off the trains. This time is also often referred to as Dual Time (Middeldorp & Klop, 2005). The increase in dual time causes trains to take longer at each station, causing even more increased delays. It is and so clear that the implications in the case of a single delay in the train transport system are very similar to a domino Effect.Needless to say, there is a strong need for safety to remain uncompromising at all times but it is imperative to note that unless a balance between safety and efficiency is maintained, the train begins to lose its utility as a commuting mean.On January 28, rail commuters in Melbourne found themselves approach what came to them as nothing less than an odyssey when they discovered that nearly 200 trains had been cancelled , bringing a halt to services on three lines.

Adapting to terrestrial living Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adapting to terrestrial living - Essay ExampleAdaptations to tackle this problem include animal bid skeletons and specialized whole kit and caboodle cells and tissues which support the plant. A transition from aquatic to terrestrial life also meant a competitive struggle for sunlight as a result plants had to be tall, which also necessitated strong stems and an extensive root system to anchor the plants firmly in the ground while they grew upwards towards the sunlight (www.countrysideinfo.co.uk) and this is wrick led to the development of trees.Another requirement for air based living as opposed to aquatic life is the need to conserve water, because a plant may face constraints in obtaining an adequate supply of water from the soil. As a result, they have developed a cuticle or protective stratum on the come along of leaves to prevent excessive loss of water by transpiration (www.countrysideinfo.co.uk). At the same time however, plants must also be able to nurse carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to carry on the process of photosynthesis and give out carbon dioxide. This objective had to be achieved without sacrificing the modes for preservation of water through the use of the cuticle.The adaptations make in plants to specifically cater to this requirement are stomata on the underside of the leaf, which allow the exchange of gases to take place without excessive loss of water from the surface of the leaf. For example, in drought prone areas, plant leaves are reduced to spines, so that the leaf surface from which loss of water can take place is well reduced. Plant species growing in drought ridden areas may demonstrate high levels of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and photosynthesis during terminuss when water is available, but enter into periods of dormancy and lose their leaves during a period of intense heat (Lambers et al, 2008)Plants have evolved from simple unicellular organisms into complex multi cellular ones. A unicellular organism

Comedy of Errors Essay Example for Free

Comedy of Errors EssayThe Comedy of Errors Plato states that The measure of a man is what he does with his power. But is this true? Or does it depend on a persons money and possessions? Perhaps it is the family they were born into, or til now their gender. And how can reputation affect your class stand? In The Comedy of Errors William Shakespeare explores the interplay of these various possibilities that can determine a persons class. Shakespeare shows us that a persons family can determine their social status. As well as affect how they are treated.Taking for example the twin Dromios, they came from an extremely poor family. A mean cleaning lady was delivered / Of such a burden, male twins, two alike. (?.?. 54) Because their mother was so poor they were adopted by Egeon, however as opposed to becoming his children they became servants for his biological children (also twins) with each twin receiving his take minion. Throughout the Dromios lives they remained servants, ev en when they were split apart they stayed with their master. Being servants for different masters meant that they were treated differently.Dromio of Ephesus was beaten and kept uneducated I have some marks of yours upon my pate, / Some of my cyprian marks upon my shoulders, ( I.?. 83) While Dromio of Syracuse was given an education and treated like a brother as opposed to a servant, Antipholus of Syracuse demonstrates A honest villain, sir, that very oft, When I am dull with care and melancholy, Lightens my humor with is merry jests. (I. II. 19) If they had had wealthy parents with much more power then they would never have plow servants and would most likely have servants of their own.Another and perhaps more common way to define a persons social status is by their wealth, that is their money and possesions. Even though in our modern society wealth has little to do with your social status, in William Shakespeares time the more money you had the more power you had. For example Ad riana and her husband Antipholus of Ephesus, clearly their money and possessions greatly benefited them in life. All this wealth leads them to have a very good reputation. moreover if their reputation gets tarnished they will lose their money and in consequence their power If by strong hand you offer to break in now in the stirring passage of the day, A vulgar comment will be made of it And that supposed by the common rout Against your yet ungalled estimation. (III. I. 47) Looking at this quote it is clear that if Antipholus goes through with his threat, his reputation will be tarnished. Therefore he decides against it. You have prevailed. I will depart in quiet / And, in despite of mirth, mean to be merry. (III. I. 156) An additional example is Solinus the duke of Ephesus. When he is ready to execute Egeon he uses the power he has to grant him one day of freedom. Duke Now trust me, were it not against our laws, Against my crown, my oath, my dignity, My soul should sue as advocate for thee. But thou art adjudged to the death, Yet will I favor thee in what I can. therefore, merchant, Ill limit thee this day. By giving Egeon a day of freedom the duke boosts his reputation in Ephesus as a sympathetic and selfless leader.All the composition knowing that there is no way Egeon will accomplish his goal. The third and perhaps most prominent way of defining a persons social standing is their gender. A factor that is still entrenched in our modern society. In The Comedy of Errors there are many obligations women have to require that men do not. For example as Egeon is telling the duke his tragic story he mentions that although his wife was not in love with him and did not want to join him, they clearly ended up married. In Syracusa was I born and wed / Unto a woman happy but for me. (I. I. 37) This quote demonstrates that as a woman one of her obligations was to get married, even if it was to someone she did not love. This also makes evident the fact women were not free to make their own decisions. Furthermore women were often considered lesser beings than men, they were not allowed as much freedom as their spouse was. Good sister, let us dine and never fret. / A man is master of his own liberty. (II. I. 6) This quote highlights that fact that men were free to come and go as they pleased whereas women were not.

The Cold War between 1945 and 1991 Essay Example for Free

The Cold state of war amid 1945 and 1991 EssayShow how and why the different historiographies relating to the start of the Cold fight have changed between 1945 and 1991Throughout 1945 to 1991 different snugglees and schools of thought had been adopted in pinpointing who was responsible for kickoff the Cold War. Ranging from the Jewish-Orthodox school of thought, which identifies Stalin and the USSR as the main perpetrator in starting the Cold War, to the Revisionist viewpoint which blames Truman and the USA for doing so. The Post Revisionist school believes twain the USSR and the USA are to blame. This comes full circle resulting with the Post Post Revisionist school which links corroborate to the belief that the USSR are to blame.These historiographies feature primarily in certain time periods and express the views of certain peoples. The changes sparked in these viewpoints are often due to the declassification of certain study as well as social changes.The Traditional ist School, prevalent form +/- 1945 to 1960 consisting mainly of Western historians believed that the Stalin and the USSR were fully to blame for the outbreak of the Cold War. This school in conclusion held the belief that Stalin had a master plan and that his foreign indemnity was expansionist with the aims of spreading a world revolution. The orthodox school mat Stalins constituent as a leader in the outbreak of the Cold War was exceedingly apparent due to his Marxist beliefs and therefore anti-capitalist, expansionist way of rule. Stalins ulterior motives could be perceived as evident at an early stage with his refusal to withdraw his troops from Germany.Further more than, his expansionist ways were clearly displayed through his invariant need to take hold of territory and establish communist governments within them for the sake of Russian safety. The traditionalists doubted the validity of this argument and believed it simply to be an excuse, as the proximity of countries Russia tried to attain were beyond that of buffer states, such as Russias invasion of Czechoslovakia in addition to this, the same excuse of safety had been use shortly in the past by Hitler. Russia had too set up policies and organisations to aid and support communism such as the World Wide Workers Revolution, the Cominform and Comercon, which would root on growth, strength and ultimately a breeding ground for communism.The broken promises of Potsdam and Yalta further paid tri thate to the USSRs usage in promoting and developing the Cold War as these broken promises were seen as for expansionist purposes and caused irked the American people. As the USSR did non keep to their promise of holding free elections, they thereby yet again make sure their neighbour states were friendly communist states, the USSR too breached Potsdam by setting up Russian-controlled coalition parties and manipulating Germany into thinking Russia was working in her favour. This can be viewed by the USA a s another means to promote the spread of communism and increase the power of the USSRThis historiography came in to being as the only source of instruction available came from the West and therefore held extreme bias against the Soviets, the existing secrecy and suspicion rendered inter symboliseion with communist states impossible.The Revisionist School, prevalent from+/- 1960-1970 comprised of mainly the Eastern bloc but too consisted of many Western historians. However, this school believed that the USA accompanied by Truman held business for the start of the Cold War. They held the belief that the main contributor to the conflict was the American president Harry S. Truman. Trumans inexperience with the sort of conflict that arose in Germany and his hard line approach often resulted in America making decisions of an super aggressive nature, fuelling the Cold War and rivalry between the USA and the USSR.The decisions made by the USA were bound to be reacted to badly by the USSR as they were extremely provocative and of a threatening nature. For example, Trumans decision to stop lend lease in 1945 was perceived by Stalin and the USSR as an extremely unfriendly act and marked a definite change in the relationship between the USA and the USSR. The hard-line actions adopted by the USA and encouraged by the Keenan grand Telegram contributed to the Cold War as they acted as a declaration stating that the USSR and the USA could not work together or even coincide peacefully, this approach too offered more reason for an opposing Soviet reaction.A main factor stemming from Trumans hatred of communism that contributed greatly to the Cold War was his policy of containment. Trumans outward opposition of communism and his idea of containing and eliminating communism were therefore extremely threatening to the communists and would of course inspire a reaction amongst the USSR of a en garde nature. The proposal of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan whilst promoting Dollar Imperialism would therefore increase the rivalry between the USA and the USSR as it marked their complete opposition to communism, to the extent whereby they would take action to actively defeat it.The Revisionists too highlight that Stalin did have a legitimate need for safety after being devastated by the Germans not long before and did have reason to annex Poland as it was a traditional invasion route, and could be used to safeguard Russia from attack.The change of analysis from Orthodox to Revisionist was a direct result of the social reform present during that timeframe, with more shocking information emerging about the Vietnam War the American people felt betrayed by their country as they were personally able to view the massacre taking place, this sparked a surge of human right movements and hippiedom etc. Accompanied by this social change, pre-existing information started to be interpreted in a new light.However the ideals of The Post Revisionist School, prevalent fr om approximately 1962 to 1973, made up of mainly Western historians has to be taken into account as they held the belief that both the USA as well as the USSR were to blame for outbreak of the Cold War as it was clearly not mono causal. One cannot analyse the actions of each superpower individually and lay blame on one certain caller due the complexity of the matter.It has to be considered that rivalry is the result of devil parties in this case, both the USA and the USSR committing actions deemed by the other as threatening or in opposition to their own policy such as Stalins need for security interpreted as expansionist. The blame has to be placed on both the USA and the USSR as there was mutual mistrust between them this mistrust did not arise specifically due to one event with one party being in the wrong but was cultivated for many years between each party and exacerbated by their opposing ideologies and added fuel to by both their opposing participation in the Cuban Missile Crisis and in Afghanistan.Therefore the vacuum left by Germany was bound to inspire conflict, as with any two major superpowers the problem of power and power struggles were bound to be introduced.The misunderstanding of motives, stemming from the mistrust of each party too played a main role in the development of the Cold War as actions often of defensive purposes were seen as in favour of their own regime and threatening to the other. The joint responsibility is supported by the fact that both the German Federal Republic and the German Democratic Republic mutually refused to acknowledge the other as a proper government.This change in interpretation comes about as a result of Stalins death, the period of dtente and the reinterpretation of old information as more archives are opened and information is declassified.

Simultaneous Equilibria in the Benzoic Acid

Simultaneous Equilibria in the Benzoic AcidJekathjenani RatnakumaranSimultaneous Equilibria in the Benzoic Acid Toulene -Water SystemIntroductionBenzoic demigod is an aromatic carboxyl groupic venereal infection with molecular formula, C7H6O2. It appe bed as colorless crystalline solid and has a fade, pleasant odor. Benzoic acid is easily available in nature and are used as a precursor to plasticizers, and sodium benzoate. Also, it inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as yeast, mold and bacteria. It also, used as an ointment to brood the fungal diseases such as ringworm and athletes foot. This benzoic acid can be prepared from the bromobenzene, benzyl alcohol and benzyl chloride.The purpose of this essay is to furbish up the distribution coefficient () and dimerization constant of the benzoic acid in equilibrium of toluene and body of water. The distribution coefficient can be determined by using the distributive integrity which is given by the Nernst in 1891. This law states that distribution of the solute either solid or liquid between two non miscible solvents1. When the solute distributes in the two non miscible solvent at constant temperature, the solute remains in both solvent at the same molecular conditions and then, the concentration of solute in those two non miscible solvents allow for be equal to the distribution constant, K. In this try out, the two non miscible solvents are water and toluene. There are three equilibrium states occur in the arranging used in this experiment such as distribution equilibrium, aqueous phase equilibrium and toluene phase equilibrium. These three equilibria contain benzoic acid (HBz), water (W) and Toluene (T). The distribution occurs as monomer in water and hence, there is monmer-dimer equilibrium occurs in the water and toluene phase2. From the distribution equilibrium, the distribution coefficient, can be calculated by,HBz (w)HBz (T)From the aqueous equilibrium phase, the aqueous dissociation const ant, Ka is calculated as follows,HBz (w)H+ + Bz From the toluene equilibrium phase, the aqueous dimerization constant, K2 is calculated as follows,2HBz (T)(HBz)2The total concentration of benzoic acid in Toluene (CT) and total concentration of benzoic acid in water (Cw) can determine using the formula 1 and 3, they are as follows,Cw= HBzw + H+CT= HBzT + 2(HBz)2By plotting the graph using above formula, the total concentrations present in both water and toluene can be determined.MethodsThis experiment was conducted by following the procedure given in the laboratory manual by the department of chemistry, Trent University.Related questions AnswersThe structure of a dimer of benzoic acid is shown below, O H- O C C O- H OAs benzoic acid has phenyl group and it is non charged but water is a polar solvent. Therefore, the carboxyl group in benzoic acid will be harder to form hydrogen bonding with water and decrease the interactions between the benzoic acid molecules. accordingly it does not form a dimer with water. In the case of hexane, the hexane is non polar solvent and therefore, the benzoic acid forms dimer with hexane. In the case of methanol, as it has hydrogen bonding, it is considered as polar solvent. When it reacts with benzoic acid, it does not form a dimer of benzoic acid. Furthermore, in the case of propanone, benzoic acid does not form dimer because propanone is a polar solvent.As the titrant solution is base solution, the indicator required to give end point is phenolphthalein. The indicator used in the titration is based on the pH respects of the solutions used. In this case, as solution contains benzoic acid and its titrated against NaOH, therefore, the to bring the end point, the phenolphthalein which has pH approximately 9 is used. If the titrant is base solution, then the methyl orange, which has pH 3.5 is used to grade the end point.Results card 1 represents the volume of the benzoic acid, toluene and water added in the five solutions in different fractions of the volumes.SolutionsVolume of benzoic acid in toluene Solution (ml)Volume of water added (ml)Volume of toluene required to bring total volume to 100 ml (ml)150500240501032550254155035555045Mass of the benzoic acid used = 5.000 gVolume of the NaOH used= 10 mlCalculated concentration of the NaOH = 0.018 MTable 2 represents the titrated volume of the solutions against NaOH and HCl and calculated concentrations of benzoic acid in the Toluene and Water.Solution NumberVNaOH (w)(ml)VNaOH(T) (mL)VHCl (T) (mL)CW x 10-3 (M)CT x 10-2(M)Cw (1-)CT/Cw (1-)15.835.70.34.352.700.11410.003857.013025.428.90.44.052.200.11810.003576.162534.916.40.83.671.300.12360.003225.345043.010.71.62.250.920.15450.001904.842152.25.75.01.650.800.17730.001365.8823Figure 1 represents the plot of Cw (1-) versus CT/Cw (1-).Data Analysis CalculationsVolume of HBz in water, V1= 0.02 LVolume of NaOH, V2= 0.0058 L denseness of NaOH, C2= 0.015 MConcentration of HBz, Cw= (0.0058 x 0.015) / 0.02 M= 4. 35 x 10-3 MVolume of HBz in water, V1= 0.02 LVolume of NaOH + HCl, V2= 0.036 LConcentration of NaOH, C2= 0.015 MConcentration of HBz, CT= (0.036 x 0.015) / 0.02 M= 2.70 x 10-2 MBy using the below formula, the value of was calculated,The value of Ka for benzoic acid is 6.46 x 10-50.00435 2 + 6.46 x 10-5 6.46 x 10-5Using the quadratic formula, the value of is, = 0.1141Calculation of Cw (1-) for solution 1,Cw (1-)= 0.00435 (1- 0.1141)= 0.00385Calculation of CT/Cw (1-) for solution 1,CT/Cw (1-)= (0.0270) / (0.00385)= 7.013From the figure 1, the value of K2 and are as follows,Y = -0.1344 x + 5.8939 (intercept) = 0.134422K2= 5.8939K2= (5.8939 ) / (0.03613)= 163.13 MDiscussionThe experiment was conducted with careful consideration to get the result as close as to the real value. However, due to the some observational faulting involved in this experiment, the calculated values are not close to the literature value. The calculated K2 value is 163.13 L/mol and the alpha value is 0.1344 . The literature values are 260 L/mol and 1.49 respectively. Figure 1 represents the plot of Cw (1-) versus CT/Cw (1-). Based on the graph shown on figure 1, the head is falling and then raising. When the amount of benzoic acid decreases, the amount of concentration of toluene increases. On the contrary, the value of concentration of benzoic acid (HBz) in water is higher than the concentration of HBz in toluene. In comparison with the literature value, the calculated value has deviated from it. However, the calculated percentage error is 37 %. This is considered as large struggle when compared to literature values. These differences between the calculated and literature value occurred due to the experimental error. Equipments used in this experiment were used by the previous batch. As the experiment was conducted using the pre used equipments, there might be an error in the contamination. The solution that has make in this experiment has to be mixed well. This will depart a more accurate result. Failure to do this step might have resulted in the failure of result. Also, the burette reading and end point relation are considered one of the errors which lead to inaccurate result. Due to these occurrences, the experiment does not turn successful and have heavily affected the final results. Moreover, the adjustment do in the water bath and less time of keeping the solution in the water bath also might be lead to the error in the final result. Because temperature is ne of the factor affects the dissociation of particles. Furthermore, due to the weather condition (winter), temperature and pressure changes and might not favored to conduct the experiment.ConclusionIn conclusion, the simultaneous equilibria of benzoic acid presence in the water and toluene solvent was studied by conducting this experiment. In order to get accuracy of result, the clearcutness can be improved by more attention on the experimental procedure and handling the equipments. Also, accurate result can be made by observing the measurements such as notifying the burette reading and end point in a proper manner.ReferencesChemistry Made Simple nigh Nernst Distribution Lawn Metallurgy, (2009)Ellison H.R. Simultaneous equilibria in the benzoic acid-benzene-water system, A distribution experiment 48 (2) 124 (1971). DOI 10.1021/ed048p124P.Atkins and J. de Paula, Atkins Physical Chemistry, 8th ed., W. H.Freeman and Co., New York (2006).Department of Chemistry, Laboratory Manual, look into G1- Heat Capacity Ratio for Gases, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario(2014)

Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Advantages and Disadvantages

Sarbanes-Oxley Act Advantages and DisadvantagesDiscuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act and describe how an IT section canister meet the challenge of implementing SOX contourOver the past ten years we have been exposed to a series of financial scandals. The effect has been catastrophic and society has necessary regulation to curtail corruption. In 2002, the USA senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Mike Oxley sponsored the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act. It is generally called the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act and was put in mail in order to regulate the accountability of financial reports and hold open stakes occurrence However, the deployment of SOX form cost a lot of money, resources and efforts. It not only affects the finance department, only if withal the schooling engine room (IT) department. The put on the line prevention and cost concern of SOX Act leave alone be described in the first paragraph the pros and cons of dish up control, documentation and responsibility will be discussed in the next the strengths and drawbacks of security control will be indicated after that then the challenge of an IT department for SOX compliance will be examined. Finally, a case study on the Enron scandal will be introduced. This essay will help prove that the SOX trunk is value the price despite certain drawbacks and discuss how an IT department meets the compliance.It is worth preventing potential risks by effectively performing the SOX regulation in spite of extra costs and workload. To begin with, SOX Act provides a guideline of internal control for financial statement to prevent any potential risk, all the financial events and accounting activities will be managing by this mechanism. Thus, the financial statements would be more accurate and reliable (Anand 2006 2). In addition, through regular internal and external auditing to ensure at that place has no unscrupulous behaviors in the financia l operations. Consequently, the potential risks can be minimized and unethical behaviors can be prevented and deterred. However, the finance and IT departments must budget the expenditure of SOX execution of instrument at the beginning and withal need to pay external accounting firms for regular examinations every year. The estimation of its cost was around USD 91,000 with an extra 383 man hours in 2003, and the cost is still increasing every year (Jahmani and Dowling 2008 59). Staffs have an increased workload by collaborate with consultants for the auditing. Those employees not only have to document human action activities, but also need to prepare a lot of evidences for auditors investigation. Although employees may suffer through these additional tasks, nigh unexpected benefits will be gained from them as well.The transparency of documentation gives a company more integrity even though some process changes are required. The standard operating procedure (SOP) of individually department must be enter, eespecial(a)ly for those operations involve to financial activities and SOX compliance. Namely, the internal or external auditors will investigate any potential risk of process control according to the documentation. It is thought that the establishment of SOP and documentation would be an advantage to companies, because it demonstrates the ashes of a company and employees are easy to follow, and it also improves the forte and efficiency of business process. In addition, the segregation of duties is also a critical control point to the SOX compliance for the risk prevention (Anand 2006 53). Employees are required to request accounts to the system administrator according to their responsibility, and other colleagues are disallowed to process information systems through other peoples system accounts. Thus, every single detail is filed into the information system with regular backup solutions. It provides the traceability for auditors investigating any sus pected issues. Conversely, companies may need to change business process flow and modify related system flow in order to align with SOX Act guideline. They must pay extra costs of business process re-engineering and IT staffs must enhance information system to meet those requirements as well.The regulation of security control will avoid inappropriate behaviors happening although employees may feel frustration. The IT department performs a very of import role to assist and reduce the effort of manual jobs. However, they usually have more authorities in system to support user needs. For this reason, IT members are also divided into different roles, and those roles are usually separately assigned into server, database, security and application systems. Every change and modification must be approved and documented into the system. Moreover, those changes must be regularly reviewed by the management team in the change management meeting (Sentt and Gallegos 2009 408). Thus, it will be mo re safety and the risk of system change can be diminished. In sum, employees have clear understanding of their roles and their performance can be easily traced from the information system. Potential risks can be also minimized by the restriction of system design and security control. Despite this benefit, more staffs may need to be hired to prevent the conflicts of job duties, because employees cannot validate the rule of segregation of duties. Finally, owing to those complicated restrictions of SOX compliance regulation, employees may feel frustrate of against rules. They may prefer focusing on their modus operandi tasks rather than extending their capability to involve another area because of risks taken.IT department often plays an important role of implementing SOX compliance for the information system perspective. There are some approaches suggested for an IT department to cope with the challenge of SOX compliance. To begin with, a sophisticated information system is fundament al in implementing SOX compliance. The Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system automatically calculates financial reports and its operations usually can meet Sarbanes-Oxley Act requirements (Pathak 2005 72). Next, the system change and program version control are also mandated. Therefore, the introduction of a change management system would be helpful for executing these changes. In addition, cross check of those changes would help companies prevent any unexpected disaster as well as some frauds in purpose. Furthermore, system logs, backup solutions and security controls are also critical for an IT department meeting the criteria of SOX implementation. Ultimately, documentation is a staple fiber element for the success of SOX compliance implementation. Therefore, system manuals, user manuals, transaction logs, security control sheets, schedule jobs and change request logs must be archived and categorized in the file system. In short, as long as IT department follows above guidel ines, then it will not be difficult to meet the challenge of implementing the SOX compliance.let us now look at the Enron scandal, a crucial example not least because of its impact on the USA government and society. The aftershocks were felt globally. Enron was an force company which supplied electricity and gas in the USA. This company was also providing bandwidth service, paper and metal commodities. However, those investments seemed not successful and profitable. Enron therefore had created a lot of overseas special purpose entities for hiding Enrons losses on their financial reports, and it had also created the illusion of profitability which was actually losing money. Besides, Enrons audit firm Arthur Andersen had a long term family relationship and it assisted Enron to hide losses by destroying related documents. Eventually, their conspiracy was exposed to society due to revelation of a huge amount of undisclosed losses USD 586 million. The stock price had a dramatic fall from approximately USD 90 dollars to 30 cents. Finally, Enron was filed bankruptcy in 2002 (Welytok 2006 26). People should learn the harmful from this incident, particularly the US government and the entire corporate must prevent such kind of scandal occurring again. Therefore, the implementation of SOX Act would be a good approach to hold corruption. The evidence shows that implementing and sustaining SOX compliance could minimize fraud or crime risk up to 95 per cent of a company, if that company performs it appropriately and effectively(Anand 2006 196). It demonstrates the significance and effectiveness of SOX compliance.In conclusion, there are several advantages and disadvantages for implementing SOX compliance in companies. First, financial reports would be more transparent and reliable through auditing controls, and potential risks will be reduced. Next, both companies and employees will benefit from the creation of documentation. Because it meets SOX compliance and helps e mployees understand the business processes. After that, it is more safety for the restrictions of system account and authority, and those possible swindles would be minimized. Conversely, there are some disadvantages of SOX compliance to companies. First, SOX compliance implementation will cost a lot of expense, and companies have to budget for SOX auditing every year. In addition, the processes change of a company is inevitable to conform to the guideline. Furthermore, employees may lose their enthusiasm for job due to the limitations of SOX Act, employees would become frustrated of involving the other areas. Finally, some strategies are advisable for IT department implementing the SOX compliance. For instance, a sophisticated ERP system can be easier to adapt the change of SOX compliance implementation change management and version control must be under controlled preparing all documentations as possible as you can. Above all are basic elements for the success of SOX compliance im plementation.Reference listAnand, S. (2006) Sarbanes-Oxley guide for finance and information technology professionals. New Jersey John WileyJahmani, Y. and Dowling, W. (2008) The impact of Sarbanes-Oxley Act Cluteinstitute-Onlinejournal online 6(10), 57-66. Available from 26 August 2010Pathak, J. (2005) Information Technology Auditing An Evolving Agenda. New York SpringerSentt,S. and Gallegos, F. (2009) Information technology control and audit(3dn). Florida Taylor FrancisWelytok, G. (2006) Sarbanes-Oxley For Dummies. Indiana Wiley

Yeast Culture Lab: Background Information

yeast Culture Lab Background InformationIn the laboratory, yeasts atomic number 18 stored, maintained cultivated with the help of few main(a) methods. Yeasts, being a group of unicellular organisms taken care of similar to those of most b work oneria except that their nutritional environmental requirements vary.YeastTheseare microorganismshaving cells with membrane-bound nuclei .Yeasts are unicellular and its size may vary greatly depending on the species. Yeasts be in possession of asexual and sexual reproductive cycles and most of them reproduce asexually by budding.Yeast polishYeast culture composes yeast in the form of dry product everyplace a media dried over in order to protection the fermenting activity of the yeast. The process of fermentation creates metabolites, which is in fact an advantage of yeast culture. The bacterial activity gets stimulated resulting in an increase in digestion of feeds by the bacteria as their number grew. This increase in metrical compos ition can result in more nutrients from the feed being available acting as a source of cogency.ReproductionThe natural process supports life as it produces new progeny individualorganisms from their parents. Each individual organism exists due to this biological process. The process involves two methods of the following typessexualandasexual.Sexual nurture requires two individuals of opposite sex to involve during the sexual course. However, the asexual reproduction do not any requires involvement of another individual as it can reproduce with the division of a bacterial cell into two daughter cells.ConsumptionIt is just the process of taking food into the body through the mouth.However, reproduction is a function of consumption. When an organism goes under reproduction, its consumption must be adequate to come through the supplementary nutritional support because this biological process needs additional resources for future survival.Death in PopulationThe processes that change the size of populations are deport, expiry and movement into and out of that population. The science of ecology is not just about understanding nature but often also about predicting or authoritative it. In the life history of the unitary organism, as time passes and the post reproductive phase arrives death happens due to senescence which is the organic process of evolution older. The individual of different ages do contribute to births in population. As per the static life table, we assume the rates of birth and death to be constant. However, the fecundity of individuals also changes with their age contribute to births in the population as per age-specific fecundity schedules. Further, understanding the cohort life table for annuals tracks a single cohort from the first birth to the death of last survivor.Aim of the ExperimentLet us understand the process of manufacturing Bakers Yeast by implying supply-batch culture in order to reduce the contamination. surgical procedureT he production of Bakers yeast involves a series of aerobic stages for the development of inoculums. The process involves eight stages. The first three stages are aseptic as the pure culture for initial inoculums are used. However, open vessels are used to carry rest of the stages.Pumping of yeast from one stage to the other as well as the seed down cultures being centrifuge and washed before transfer reduces the level of contamination. During the later stages, which involves fed-batch systems, ensures better let.The development of inoculums for the commercial production of Bakers yeast involves PC 1, 2, 3 as pure culture batch fermentations. F 1 2 is non-aseptic batch fermentations. F 3 4 is fed-batch fermentation F5 is final fed-batch fermentation leading to yield of Bakers yeast with minimal contamination.PurposeThe purpose of this experiment is to understand the process of producing Bakers yeast with the removal of contamination to its minimalism. It involved the fed-batch c ulture to describe batch cultures fed with a medium without the elimination of culture fluid.Materials and MethodsMolasses, Chemicals like sulfuric acid Ammonium Sulphate, Ammonium Phosphate, Ammonia, Sodium Chloride, Antifoaming, Potato Starch, Emulsifying agent and Sodium Hydroxide and so onProfile on productions of Bakers Yeast Retrieved from http//www.southinvest.gov.et/Publications/SSNPR%20draft%20Profile/B/%20Bakers%20Yeast.pdfThe fed-batch fermentation system follows as shown in the figure below.The Vitaminpros website, diagram retrieved from (http//www.vitaminpros.com/beta-1-3-d-glucan.htm)DiscussionThe diagrams of different population dynamics comprehensive ofPhases of population growth after disasterLimitations of environmental carrying capacity (while it is high)Limitations of environmental carrying capacity (while it is low)Habitable site dominated by population decayWe could comfortably figure out that factors, which regulate the size of a population, may not determi ne its size for most of the time instead responses may change over changing levels of resources.PopulationgrowthcycleAs we have studied, the niggardness-dependent birth mortality rates lead to the regulation of popular size. When both are density dependent or either of them, then, the two curves cross. The density at which they do is carrying capacity.The population graph involves four phasesLag PhaseHere, the yeast settles in the environment.logarithmic PhaseUntil this phase, they wait for the favorable conditions to grow, consume reproduce. As they find the proper consequences, they grow exponentially.Stationary PhaseThis phase is only temporary as reproduction begins to cause their environment to deteriorate to where the death rate begins to overtake the birth rate.Death PhaseDuring this phase, the environment becomes very toxic with their excrement results in their death.Carrying energy its effectCarrying capacity is the population level of an organism that persists given th e quantity of life supporting infrastructure available to it. In a situation where numbers of an organism are below the carrying capacity of its environment, its birth rate lead amplify. If the population exceeds the carrying capacity, the death rate will increase until the population numbers are stable. Carrying capacity increased by the discovery and exploitation of new resources (such as metals, oil or fertile uninhabited land) and decreased by resource enfeeblement and waste buildup, for example declining soil fertility andwaterpollution. The ecological concept of carrying capacity helps to determine a sustainable population level.The Energy flow in Biogeochemical CycleWe must understand the pattern of energy flow for forest, grassland, plankton community in sea small ponds. It helps us to understand relative roles of live consumer and decomposer systems. We will observe that the decomposer system is responsible for majority of secondary production and the live consumers have greater role in open-water aquatic communities.If we discuss the flux of energy matter through ecosystems, we will come across various cyclesThe phosphorus cycleThe nitrogen cycleThe sulfur cycleThe carbon cycleThey act as global pathways of nutrients between the abiotic reservoirs of atmosphere, hydrosphere lithosphere and the biotic reservoirs consist of terrestrial aquatic communities.In general, the snapshot of the entire process goes like this.The figure Retrieved from http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/ effect/65875/biogeochemical-cycleConclusionThe natural processes works in harmony and any effect or changes in the functionality or behavior of one process will have a direct or indirect influence on other natural phenomenon. The Hypothesis accepted as per the successful completion of the experiment mentioned above, as the amount of contamination in the Bakers yeast produced was minimal.ReferencesColeman, B. (1996). Additives for Horse Feeds. Retrieved from Website http//ww w1.agric.gov.ab.ca Townsend, C.R. (2008). Essentials of bionomics (3rd Edition), Individuals, Populations, Communities Ecosystems Retrieved from (Chap. 5, pp. 145-153)Townsend, C.R. (2008). Essentials of Ecology (3rd Edition), Individuals, Populations, Communities Ecosystems Retrieved from (Chap. 5, pp. 145-163)Townsend, C.R. (2008). Essentials of Ecology (3rd Edition), Individuals, Populations, Communities Ecosystems Retrieved from (Chap. 5, pp. 145-163)Stanbury, P.F.,Whitaker,A.(1995).Principles of fermentation technology,2nd edition Retrieved from (chapter 6, figure 6.2)Townsend, C.R. (2008). Essentials of Ecology (3rd Edition), Individuals, Retrieved from Populations, Communities Ecosystems (Chap. 9, pp. 288)Townsend, C.R. (2008). Essentials of Ecology (3rd Edition) Retrieved from Individuals, Populations, Communities Ecosystems, (Chap. 5, pp. 170, fig. 5.21)Townsend, C.R. (2008). Essentials of Ecology (3rd Edition) Retrieved from Individuals, Populations, Communities Ecos ystems, (Chap. 11, pp. 368, fig. 11.7)Townsend, C.R. (2008). Essentials of Ecology (3rd Edition) Retrieved from Individuals, Populations, Communities Ecosystems, (Chap. 11, pp. 381, fig. 11.16)